Can a well-supported public broadcast system still offer something of Essay

Can an all around upheld open communicate framework despite everything offer something of significant worth Can content guidelines start to unravel the m - Essay Example Such suppositions blossom with the idea that the advancement of the administration plan frames some portion of the strategies of the open communicate frameworks. In any case, case examinations have demonstrated that open communicate frameworks can in any case accomplish a high level of capability in conveying an incentive in the manners in which that maintain polished methodology and equalization. Certain widespread edges must be met all together for the open communicate frameworks to accomplish the component of objectivity and trust from the different partners. Regardless of great strategies and sufficient financing, open communicate frameworks need to connect with specific basics that relate with the foundation of standards and perspectives that adjust with the guiding principle of media and broadcasting (Crook 54). The need to ensure reality and accomplish objectivity in revealing charges these frameworks to tie their practices under specific commitments that spread the interests all things considered. Unprejudiced detailing requires the reception of a scope of approaches that successfully associate with the basics of business as comprehended under the system of progress and improvement. Cases proliferate where open communicate frameworks have opposed the strain to acclimate into objects of control by the administration. Polished skill involves the maintaining of the enthusiasm of the lion's share while as yet shielding the privileges of the minority. Very much bolstered open communicate frameworks in parts of the world have assumed significant jobs in condemning negative strategies (Crook 19). These frameworks have exhibited an ability to keep minds open frameworks regardless of the way that they draw quite a bit of their budgetary help from such frameworks. For example, open communicate frameworks in the United States have been instrumental in giving basic examinations on issues of national significance. Such issues have remembered strategies for country s ecurity, approaches embraced on the worldwide war against psychological oppression, government arrangements on spending, and different variables that include a scope of issues that interface with issues of national significance. In these jobs, the communicate frameworks have blamed the administration on specific imperfections in its methodology. Such a way to deal with the act of broadcasting reestablishes harmony, objectivity, unprejudiced nature, and polished skill in the field of training. Open communicate frameworks host gave discussions for gatherings changing point of view regardless of affiliations or stakes. Inside the part of demonstrable skill, remembering different gatherings for the assurance of procedures regularly lines up with the need to encourage comprehension and inclusivity no matter how you look at it. Such methodologies are intended to react to the differing idea of the general public in manners that speak to the interests of all. Such a methodology offers an in centive in the acts of the open communicate frameworks as in they stay away from the enticement of sectional mollification and intentional distortion of issues. So as to evade the allurements of predisposition and biased treatment, open communicate frameworks ought to set up the edges of impact and participation in manners that ensure the standards of polished skill and journalistic guidelines as comprehended inside an all inclusive degree. Content guideline assumes a significant job in deciding the exhibition of the media in an assortment of regards. Most essentially, directing the substance of media

Strategic Management Basics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Vital Management Basics - Essay Example This is the prime motivation behind why key administration today is being embraced into all the huge associations and at all levels. Vital administration isn't only an idea, yet it is a procedure that can be used all through every authoritative level and can be coordinated into about each employment (Buhler, March 1994). Buhler (March 1994) takes note of that seeing the 10,000 foot view is at the heart of key administration. She demonstrated that when an association is seen as a coordinated and between related entire directors can without much of a stretch distinguish what should be finished. Also, the outer condition ought to consistently be considered in breaking down the association. Joining the outer concentration with an inside examination of the association would be gainful distinguishing what turned out badly and what are the variables that should be considered all together not to rehash the past errors of the association. Understanding the pith of this idea, Kinicki and Williams (2003) regarded that vital administration is a procedure that includes supervisors from all pieces of the association in the definition and the execution of methodologies and vital objectives. They included that their definition doesn't suggest that chiefs at the top can without much of a stretch direct plans to be trailed by subordinates under their volition. For sure, unequivocally on the grounds that center supervisors are the ones who will be approached to comprehend and actualize the systems, they capable ought to likewise assist with figuring them. Additionally, with that definition, we can draw the three key components of key administration. These are plan, execution and assessment. Definition The detailing part is viewed as the arranging phase of the executives. Albeit most business visionaries do some type of anticipating their endeavors, it frequently will in general be casual and unsystematic (Naffziger and Kuratko, October 1991). The real requirement for efficient arranging will shift with the nature, size, and structure of the business. At the end of the day, a little two-man activity may effectively utilize casual arranging since little multifaceted nature is included. In any case, a developing endeavor that is quickly growing with continually expanding staff size and market activities should formalize its arranging in light of the fact that a lot of multifaceted nature exists. It is additionally conceivable that a business person's arranging should move from a casual to a formal efficient style for different reasons. First is the level of vulnerability with which the endeavor is endeavoring to get built up and to develop. With more noteworthy degrees of vulnerability, business people have a more grounded need to manage the difficulties confronting their endeavor, and a progressively formal arranging exertion can assist them with doing this. Second, the quality of the opposition (in the two numbers and nature of contenders) will add to the significance of progressively methodical arranging all together for another dare to screen its activities and goals all the more intently (Chaganti et al., Spring 1989). At last, the sum and kind of experience the business person has might be a factor in choosing the degree of formal arranging. An absence of satisfactory experience, either mechanical or business, may oblige the business visionary's understanding and in th is manner require formal intending to help decide future ways for the association. To coordinate key administration, supervisors should consider the idea of vital arranging. As characterized, vital arranging is the

Lady Mary Worley Turkish Embassy letters Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Woman Mary Worley Turkish Embassy letters - Essay Example ’Tis extremely simple to see they have more freedom than we have†. (Montagu 1718, XXIX). Turkish women must cover themselves from head to toe at whatever point they go out. This hides their character, leaving them allowed to embrace whatever exercises they want. The ladies direct undertakings while never uncovering their character to their sweethearts. The possibility of ladies directing extra-conjugal issues was untouchable in Western culture at that point. The essayist comments that the distinction in religion helps this. Islam doesn't lecture discipline for conjugal acts of unfaithfulness, in contrast to Christianity. The ladies are allowed to direct their undertakings without moral blame or dread of disclosure. She challenges the origination that Islam abuses ladies by expressing that it doesn't lecture perdition and hellfire for ladies who have illicit relationships. The author depicts Turkish ladies as â€Å"the freest on earth†. The essayist reclassifies th e idea of the cover, an image of abuse and limitation to Westerners. The cloak liberates the ladies, giving them substantially more opportunity than their Western partners. Turkish spouses dare not wed four wives despite the fact that their religion permits it. This negates the well known view that Islamic custom favors men by permitting polygamy. The ladies have the ability to keep the men from taking up additional spouses. Turkish ladies own property, with some of them gathering immense riches. Ladies possessing property was incomprehensible in England. Turkish ladies order regard from the men and are the final say regarding family unit issues. They don't endure betrayal in their spouses; any man who wants a paramour needs to keep it mystery. Another abnormal custom the author watches relates to separate. At the point when a man who had separated from his significant other needs her back, he needs to let her go through a night with another man. This repudiates another famous thoug ht that Islamic men employ all the force in separate. The separation must be completely considered and not done spontaneously. The results of separating on impulse are agonizing for the man who needs his significant other back. The essayist again challenges the perspective on Islamic ladies as mistreated. The ladies lead conjugal undertakings yet the men can't. This is an inversion of Western culture where sexual articulation was permitted in men however disliked in ladies. The ladies have their own private space, the groups of concubines, where men can't meddle. They are held up upon by slaves and live rich, spoiled lives. In one of numerous depictions of the extravagant life in Turkey, Montagu composes; â€Å"The couches were secured with pads and rich covers on which sat the ladies† (Montagu 1718, XXVI). The ladies have all that they want and that's only the tip of the iceberg. The nature of their lives is superior to that of their Western partners. In letter XXVI, the ess ayist portrays her involvement with a Turkish bathhouse. The experience must be portrayed by a lady, as no men are permitted inside them on torment of death. She portrays the idiosyncrasies of the ladies there as polite, lovely and inviting. She stands out them from ladies back home who are inconsiderate, resentful and hateful. The gathering she gets from the Turkish ladies is absolutely polite. Her visits to the spouses of the amazing vizier and the king strengthen the idea of politeness, generosity and respectfulness in Turkish ladies.

Technology and Decision Making Essay Example for Free

Innovation and Decision Making Essay The nature of patient consideration, correspondence between human services staff, and the wellbeing of patients has enormously improved since the beginning of innovation. Through the improvement of data innovation, the capacity to gather information and deal with the choices dependent on the information gathered has upgraded in the clinical setting just as in the business parcel. Medicinal services informatics consolidates speculations from educational science, software engineering, and intellectual science (Englebardt Nelson, 2002). This data assists with social occasion and procedure it so as to settle on an educated choice. Significant data could be missed if the information is overlooked. Probably the latest innovation which incorporates the web and PDAs has made it conceivable to get to data rapidly so as to settle on the best choice for the patient so as to give great quality consideration. Innovation changes each day and it is critical to stay aware of these progressions that will help bolster clinical choices made by the guardians. This paper on informatics will show the frameworks and data hypotheses, the DIK model, and the job of the master framework in nursing care and medication. Framework and data speculations Framework. â€Å"A framework is a lot of related collaborating parts encased in a boundary† (Englebardt Nelson, 2002, p.5). There are numerous sorts of frameworks which incorporate yet are not constrained to: PC frameworks, educational systems, human services frameworks, and individuals. Frameworks can be living or nonliving, open or shut. Shut frameworks don't act with nature though open framework can act with the earth. Open frameworks can be utilized to get innovation and those people related with its utilization. This sort of framework takes contribution from the earth, forms it, and afterward returns it back to the earth as yield, which fills in as input. This hypothesis can all the more likely assistance the individual comprehend the manner in which individuals work with frameworks in the social insurance industry and take into consideration a perception of the entire picture. A typical term utilizing in software engineering is GIGO, â€Å"garbage in, trash out†. This applies as in a framework is just in the same class as its client. On the off chance that the client is contributing trash, or low quality information, the PC is probably going to yield the equivalent. A framework requires an exact source all together for precise material to be created accordingly. Open frameworks have three sorts of qualities which include: reason, capacities, and structure (Englebardt Nelson, 2002). The design is the purpose behind the presence of the framework or the program and is frequently expressed in the organization’s statement of purpose. This is valid for human services associations, houses of worship, and schools. For instance, the statement of purpose of the neighborhood general wellbeing division to advance wellbeing, forestall ailment, and control transferable malady by offering quality types of assistance, wellbeing instruction, and natural administrations for the network. PC frameworks are frequently grouped by their motivation and may have more than one reason. By choosing a reason that all people concur upon inside the association, a framework can be picked. It is critical to require some investment to distinguish the reason with each one of the individuals who will utilize the framework. Capacities distinguish the strategies wherein the framework will accomplish its motivation. â€Å"Functions are exercises that a framework completes to accomplish its purpose† (Englebardt Nelson, 2002, p.6). At the point when a PC framework is picked a rundown of useful particular must be carefully recorded to recognize each capacity and how it will be performed. Frameworks are organized to perm it the capacities to be done. A few instances of organized frameworks incorporate the nursing division. The attendant in control will appoint patients to the staff medical attendants with the reason to give care. The charge medical caretaker will guarantee that the group is working with the capacity to give the consideration the patient needs and merits. Two unique models can be utilized to envision the structure of a framework: progressive and web. In the various leveled model, every PC is a piece of the neighborhood (LAN) which thus is a piece of a wide region arrange (WAN) that is associated with the centralized server PC framework. The centralized computer is the pioneer of the framework or lead part. The web model capacities much like that of a bug catching network. It has the ability to pass data to numerous offices that may utilize it for various purposes. For example,â laboratory results might be sent to the drug store to compute a prescription measurement and patient vitals might be sent to another offi ce for audit and use. â€Å"A framework incorporates basic components from both the web and various leveled model† (Englebardt Nelson, 2002, p.7). Everything living or nonliving are in a consistent condition of progress. Six ideas are useful in understanding the change procedure: 1)dynamic homeostasis, 2)entropy, 3)negentropy, 4) specialization, 5)reverberation, and 6)equifinality. Dynamic homeostasis comprises of keeping up an equivalent equalization inside the framework. Now and again, expanded pressure can lose the equalization and cause difficulties to the association. A medicinal services informatics specialist’s work is to diminish the pressure and reestablish the parity inside the association. Entropy can be best depicted as the inclination of the framework to separate into parts. This can be the loss of certain information when transmitted starting with one division then onto the next. All frameworks, living or nonliving, arrive at a point where they are not, at this point repairable. At the point when this point is reached, a framework must be supplanted. Negentropy is something contrary to entropy and is best d epicted as the system’s capacity to duplicate and become increasingly mind boggling. As the size of the medicinal services industry develops, so do the social insurance data frameworks. Data innovation. â€Å"Information innovation can possibly enormously smooth out medicinal services and extraordinarily diminish the opportunity of human blunder. Nonetheless, there is a developing writing demonstrating that if frameworks are not structured sufficiently they may really build the chance of blunder in the unpredictable communication among clinician and machine in healthcare† (Borycki, E., Kushniruk, A., Brender, J., 2010, p. 714). The term data has more than one importance and the term data hypothesis alludes to various speculations. The two regular hypothetical speculations of data hypotheses are: Shannon and Weaver’s data correspondence model and Blum’s model (Englebardt Nelson, 2002, p. 10). The data hypothesis was introduced as a proper hypothesis in 1948 with a distribution by Claude Shannon titled â€Å"A Mathematical Theory of Communication†. In this hypothesis, the sender is the originator of the message and afterward the encoder changes over the message into a code. A code can be a number, image, letters, or words. The decoder at that point changes over the message to a configuration that can be perceived by the collector. Shannon was a phone engineer and clarified this hypothesis such that the decoder was theâ telephone changing over sound waves into a message the beneficiary could comprehend. â€Å"Warren Weaver, from the Sloan-Kettering Institute for Cancer Research, gave the translation to understanding the semantic significance of a message† (Englebardt Nelson, 2002, p. 12). He utilized Shannon’s attempts to clarify the interpretational parts of correspondence as every individual sees things unique in relation to the following. Various kinds of conditions may happen making a message be deciphered wrong. For instance, if a doctor is utilizing clinical phrasing that the patient can't comprehend there is unquestionably a correspondence issue. In the event that the patient can't hear what is being said in light of the fact that the ear isn't transmitting sound, at that point there is an alternate kind of correspondence issue. The message must pass on significance and produce the planned outcome. Bruce L. Blum characterized three sorts of medicinal services processing applications called Blum’s Model. He gathered these applications in information, data, or information. Information are those things, for example, stature, weight, age, and name. Data is characterized as information that has been prepared. Information is the connection among information and data. Utilizing these ideas, it is conceivable to distinguish various degrees of processing and robotized frameworks. Information, Information, and Knowledge (DIK) model Social insurance informatics can be clarified utilizing a model comprising of three sections: information, data, and information (Georgiou, 2002). The three sections are exhibited utilizing a progression pyramid. Information is the stage in the model, speaking to the establishment. Information is spoken to as realities and perceptions, however without supporting setting, the information is immaterial. Until the data is approved or controlled the information isn't noteworthy, when it is controlled, the information can offer some incentive to the client. Data is the result of information once the information has been controlled. The aftereffect of information and data is proof based information. Proof based information can be utilized to help proof based medication. A few people feel that an excessive amount of spotlight has been put on information, constraining the capacity to rehearse medication as a science. Rather, the utilization of information proposes that medication is being po lished dependent on measurements rather than science. However, similar pundits will utilize a similar chain of importance of information, data and information to treat a patient that builds up a fever after hip medical procedure. The fever alone doesn't furnish huge data yet joined with data of aâ recent medical procedure, a doctor will test further for indications of contamination. The final product is the information on why the patient is hot. Review informatics as the choice data information (DIK) model permits people to consider the to be in general. The information must be precisely speaking to what is happening or the data won't be exact

Child Poverty and the United States - Free Essay Example

Child Poverty and The United States Melissa Sandusky University of Phoenix Child poverty can be found in every corner of the world. In any country there are children living within the devastating effects of poverty. Child poverty has become a worldwide epidemic, and the impacts it has on children are countless. This paper will discuss child poverty in the United States and how it has impacted our poor children in this country. In the research I found four major ways that poverty affects these United States children. They are physical health, mental well-being, education, and environment which I will describe in further detail. People often view the United Sates as the land of opportunity and plenty. We see television ads asking for monetary donations for children in other countries who are living in poverty. We have countless organizations that work to help combat poverty throughout the world. This country may be looked upon as a land of plenty by other countries, but the United S tates also has problems of its own. One of those problems is child poverty. As of 2006, there were 39. 7 million United States citizens living in poverty, and single mothers and women had the poorest households in that same year (Hildebrant and Stevens, 2009). In 2006 a single parent of a household of three with a yearly income of approximately $16,000 was considered living at the poverty line (Lee, 2009). One third of all the homeless people in the United States are entire families with children, and the numbers are continuing to grow (Macionis, 2006). The statistics of child poverty in the United States are heartbreaking. There are five million poor children under the age of six years old in this country (Korbin, 1992). It has been estimated that over 17 percent of children, adolescents, and teenagers in the United States are poor. Studies have also shown that 36 percent of the impoverished people in the United States are children (Macionis, 2006). One-third of Hispanic hous eholds have children that live in poverty. African-Americans have an increased risk of their children living in poverty. Nearly 50 percent of African-American children live in poverty. Over the last 40 years, the percentage of poverty in the United States elderly has dropped, but the children living in poverty has remained the same at 20 percent (Korbin, 1992). We know that the first several years of a childs life are some of the most important developmentally. Physical health is so important in young children, but the impoverished children of the United States are at serious risk of health problems. According to Hildebrant and Stevens, the most common physical health conditions found in poor children are severe asthma, seizures, diabetes, and lead poisoning (2009). Families on welfare are almost two times at risk for having a child with a physical or mental problems. The children with parents that use assistive programs such as welfare or Medicaid show that 25 percent have one o r more health problems that are chronic. One study conducted showed that single mothers of poor children were unemployed due to their own or their childrens health problems (Hildebrandt ; Stevens, 2009). One can assume that poor children with chronically ill mothers are particularly at risk, and mothers with sick children may not have the resources to care for them properly. This goes to show that children in poor families have an increased risk of poor health and developmental delays (Hildebrandt ; Stevens, 2009). Children born into poverty during their first year of life are more likely to die from neglect, accidents, or from violence (Macionis, 2006). Girls who grow up in poverty are more likely to conceive a baby before graduating from high school. Then many of these young mothers go on welfare. Boys living in poverty are more likely to have a baby without being married. These boys are also more likely to get involved in criminal activity, and they are less likely to hold down a full time job (Corcoran, 1995). According to Lykens, Fulda, Bae, ; Singh and their research, they found that 13 percent of poor children are considered to have health problems that require special attention such as specialists. Impoverished families are 33 percent more at risk to acquire health problems that require special needs (2009). If a child living in poverty has no insurance, and are part of a minority group they are more likely not to see a specialist for their health care problems (Lykens, Fulda, Bae, ; Singh, 2009). Mental health problems commonly found in children living in poverty are attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, autism, anxiety, and depression (Hildebrant and Stevens,2009). Children living in poverty with a single mother can feel unstable and have emotional problems as a result of the mothers unstable employment. A single mother who goes off of assistance programs and then back on again can contribute to their childs mental health problems. In a study conducted on mothers who go on and off of public assistance showed that their children had more behavior problems due to the mothers unstable work patterns. (Hildebrant and Stevens, 2009). Poverty also effects a childs opportunities of a good education. From a young age, education is of importance in this country. Preschool costs money, and the free federally funded Head Start program has a limited number of children it reaches (Macionis, 2006). If these children are unable to attend preschool it may put them farther behind the other children in their classes in the future. Children living in poverty generally live in poorer neighborhoods which leads to going to a school that is poor as well (Lee, 2009). Children who are poor often go to school districts that are not as well equipped to teach these kids the skills they need in order to succeed after graduation (Murane, 2007). These school districts often do not have the updated materials that are being taught in the rich er neighborhoods. Research has shown that children who live in poverty often have lower reading scores than children living above the poverty rate (Lee, 2009). Impoverished children tend to be found at schools where even teachers lack leadership and important skills needed to constructively teach and handle children with learning problems. This leaves the children with learning disabilities without the necessary skills needed to earn a living (Murane, 2007). Children attending these poorer schools may not have clear role models, and they simply may not be taught that they can succeed in life. One reason needy children remain living in poverty as adults is because their parents cannot afford to help pay for further education (Crocran,1995). College simply may not be an option. According to Corcoran, adult males who grew up in poor homes had a decrease in their hourly wages by 30 percent and their yearly wages by 40 percent compared to males raised in middle class homes. These m ales also tended to work significantly less hours than males who grew up in the middle class (Corcoran, 1995). According to Korbin, children living in poverty are not poor because their parents will not work (1992). They are poor because of the low minimum wage rates, and jobs do not always provide the means to support one child let alone more than one. One fifth of childrens families have a parent who works full-time. Two-thirds of those poor children have a parent who at least works part-time (Korbin, 1992). The statistics change with singe parents living in poverty. Single mothers with more than one child must make above minimum wage at their jobs in order to afford childcare. As a result of the high price of child care many single mothers do not work and remain on welfare (Hildebrant and Stevens, 2009). A childs home environment is of utmost importance in regards to developmental and emotional milestones. Lee, through his research, determined that the more nurturing the ho me environment, the better chance a child had of succeeding later in life (2009). When a child is raised in poverty they could be without proper food, clothing, or a basic sense of security. Unfortunately, when children are raised in poor households their home environment suffers. Not only may their homes be less safe or in unsafe neighborhoods, it also leaves some children homeless. Children who suffer from poverty surround us even in the United States. There is a need to find a solution that will help these children. Children do not choose to be born into poverty, and in order to fix the problem we need to find helpful and lasting ways to help their parents. This problem is not going to fix itself, and the government has tried for many years to figure out ways to help this epidemic of children living in poverty. Although, government programs have helped some impoverished adults, their solutions have not changed the poverty rate for children (Korbin, 1992). According to Murna ne, the government should tackle the issues of poor students by pushing states to enhance high school requirements to reflect the skills needed to help them succeed after graduation (2007). Poor students have higher dropout rates and are not likely receive their diplomas. Seventy-five percent of white youth graduate high school. Only 50 percent of Hispanics and African American students who live in poverty receive their diplomas (Murnane, 2007). These statistics provide proof that education for the poor children is essential in enhancing their lives after graduation. People in charge of school reforms need to describe the skills and curriculum students should achieve each academic year. Schools should acquire principles that know how to employ and uphold successful teachers. Teachers should step in and help the student at the first sign of a learning problem and seek them out help to improve in those areas (Murnane, 2007). If we would implement these characteristics of change in our schools we could change the outcome for children living in poverty after they graduate from high school. Perhaps if our school systems focused a little more on the skills needed to obtain jobs after high school graduation, children living in poverty would have a better chance at succeeding. If our children all had the same opportunities with education at a high school level, the poor children may be able to make a better life for themselves after graduation. In conclusion, poverty is present in the United States. Impoverished children are impacted by poverty in a number of ways including physical health, mental well-being, education, and environment. Korbin states that It is said that a measure of a societies altruism or goodness is based on its treatment of its most fragile members: the young, the old, the infirm, and the disabled (1992). Perhaps the citizens of the United States can do more to help the poor children of our country. Regardless, childhood poverty is an epi demic, and our country needs to work to find a workable solution to the problem. References Corcoran, M  (Annual 1995). Rags to rags: poverty and mobility in the United States. Annual Review of Sociology,  21,  p. 237(31). Retrieved  January 13, 2010,  from  General OneFile  via  Gale: https://find. galegroup. com. ezproxy. apollolibrary. com/gps/start. do? prodId=IPS userGroupName=uphoenix Hildebrandt,  E. ,  Ã‚  Stevens,  P.. (2009). Impoverished Women With Children and No Welfare Benefits: The Urgency of Researching Failures of the Temporary Assistance for Needy Families Program. American Journal of Public Health,  99(5),  793-801. Retrieved January 2, 2010, from ABI/INFORM Global. (Document ID:  1683162601). Korbin, J. (1992). Introduction child poverty in the United States: magnitude of and trends in child poverty in the united States child poverty in the United States in global perspective in this issue references. The American Behavioral Scie ntist (1986-1994), 35(3), 213 Retrieved January 2, 2010, from ABI/INFORM Global. (Document ID:732639691. Lee, K. (June 2009). The bidirectional effects of early poverty on childrens reading and home environment scores: associations and ethnic differences. Social Work Research,  33,  2. p. 79(16). Retrieved  January 02, 2010,  from  General OneFile  via  Gale: https://find. galegroup. com. ezproxy. apollolibrary. com/gps/start. do? prodId= IPS;userGroupName=apollo Lykens, K A,  Fulda, K G,  Bae, S. ,  ;  Singh, K P  (July 31, 2009). Differences in risk factors for children with special health care needs (CSHCN) receiving needed specialty care by socioeconomic status. BMC Pediatrics,  9,  p. 48. Retrieved  January 02, 2010,  from  Academic OneFile  via  Gale: https://find. galegroup. com. ezproxy. apollolibrary. com/gps/ start. do? prodId=IPS;userGroupName=apollo Murnane, R J  (Fall 2007). Improving the education of children living in pove rty. The Future of Children,  17,  2. p. 161(22). Retrieved  January 11, 2010,  from  General OneFile  via  Gale: https://find. galegroup. com. ezproxy. apollolibrary. com/gps/start. do? prodId=IPS;userGroupName= uphoenix

Evaluating the Development of further Management Education in India - Free Essay Example

Abstract Over the course of the last hundred years, business has transformed the world. It has been a driving force in shaping society and the catalyst behind extraordinary economic growth and opportunity. MBA or Master of Business Administration is believed to be one of the coveted qualifications across the globe. Graduates from all fields aspire to this qualification because it is the most widely recognized and respected qualification. It is believed that MBA enhances the earning potential of professionals and serves as a launching path to a successful and bright career due to which MBA is worth an investment rather than expenditure. Therefore, the research methodology used to write this paper focuses on management education as a service, management institute as a service provider and students, faculty, academicians, promoters, corporate and government as stakeholders. It is important to list down the underlying objectives that led the philanthropists to promote imparting management education to the young professionals. A birds eye view compares the management education scenario in India with that around the world. This not only shows the benefits but also exposes the shortcomings of the system. A holistic view is followed to develop a framework upon which the system of imparting management e ducation of high standard can be built. An autonomous model is followed to give each and every institute a platform for self improvement and self development. The government has the responsibility to setup an independent body to regulate the establishment and functioning of management education institutes. The industry acts as a facilitator by providing funds for the nourishment of these institutes and later reaps the benefits from the human resource pool. The governance practices to impart transparency to the functioning of management education institutes are also to be defined to build the trust among the stakeholders. In the end, a roadmap is prepared to implement the recommendations such that every step is practically possible and logistically feasible. The synergy between government, industry and academia is the key to success. Introduction Effective management of business has spurred the creation of jobs, the generation of wealth, and access to opportunity for an increasingly diverse population. Management education has produced leaders capable of creating effective organizations that are the core of these profound, global achievements. Successful students of management education acquire the knowledge and skills that enhance and enrich their lives and enable them to make meaningful contributions to their organizations. In turn, organizations that are successful in meeting their goals and fulfilling their purposes become enormous assets to societies, fostering greater productivity and a more desirable quality of life. The value of management education to individuals, organizations, and society is almost incalculable. Overview of Management Education in India There are over 1700 Business schools in India distributed across its different states. Approximately 100,000 students graduate from these management institutions annually. There is a positive correlation between the no of B-schools and the industrial development in the state. There are on an average 9 seats in the country per lakh of population. A large population of the capacity is filled through all India entrance exams conducted at a number of locations across the country. There has been a significant growth in the number of B-schools opened in the country over the last two decades. It can be said, that the acceleration is propelled due to acceleration in the growth of Indian economy. It wouldnt be wrong to say that it is also because of the entrepreneurial initiatives by the promoters who wanted to seize commercial opportunities in education sector. The imbalance between demand and supply has created an exploitable but overly commercial environment in the field of management education. The reason is that it is certainly not clear whether a Business school is seriously committed to the cause of imparting quality management education or just an investment based on the speculative perception of the promoter. There are no stats that actually prove whether an institution meets the norms and standards established by All India Council of Technical Education. Based on the assessments of HR managers, there will be a three-fold increase in the need of management professionals over the next 10-15 years. Thus, there will be a need to raise the output from the current level of 1, 00,000 managers to about 3, 00,000 a year over the next 10-15 years. For these, specialized management training/development programmes would be needed. Underlying Objectives of management education In a churning global marketplace, understanding the fundamental connections between business, the environment, and society has become essential. The roles and responsibilities of business as a global force are becoming more urgent and complex, and concepts related to societal responsibility and sustainability are gaining recognition as essential elements in business management. Increasing complexity and interdependence require new approaches. Companies need integrative management tools that help embed environmental, social, and governance concerns into their strategic thinking and daily operations. They need support as they internalize and integrate these issues into the core of businesses, engage in dialogue with stakeholders, and report their conduct. Academic institutions help shape the attitudes and behaviour of business leaders through business education, research, management development programs, training, and other pervasive, but less tangible, activities, such as the spr ead and advocacy of new values and ideas. Through these means, academic institutions have the potential to generate a wave of positive change, thereby helping to ensure a world where both enterprises and societies can flourish. The principles behind imparting management education to the students are stated as follows: To develop the capabilities of students to be future generators of sustainable value for business and society at large and to work for an inclusive and sustainable global economy. To create educational frameworks, materials, processes and environments that enable effective learning experiences for responsible leadership. To engage in conceptual and empirical research that advances our understanding about the role, dynamics, and impact of corporations in the creation of sustainable social, environmental and economic value. To interact with managers of business corporations for understanding their challenges in meeting social and environmental responsibili ties and to explore jointly effective approaches to meeting these challenges. To facilitate and support dialogue and debate among educators, business, government, consumers, media, civil society organizations and other interested groups and stakeholders on critical issues related to global social responsibility and sustainability. The role of the management institutions is to serve as a platform to advocate responsible management education and coordinate efforts to further develop these principles by the agents that can generate change. Value and importance of Management Education The value created by management education can be seen from the perspectives of an individual, organization and society, at large. The individuals opting for management education believe that participation in management can create lifelong rewards for them. They can develop a portfolio of personal skills that will strengthen their abilities to communicate, solve problems, make decisions, and lead organizations. Another important motive is the creation of personal wealth, self-sufficiency, and a sense of well-being. To achieve this, management institutes should educate the students in three distinct areas. Firstly, they must be equipped with specific knowledge, technical skills, and abilities that are honed through a comprehensive set of management education experiences. Secondly, students must acquire knowledge of ethics, social responsibility, law, and public policy. Lastly, students must develop and polish skills in communication, leadership, and critical thinking. In 1881, Joseph Wharton, proprietor of American Nickel Works, asked University of Pennsylvania trustees to develop the first school of business. Since then, business owners and managers have continued to engage management educators on many levels to achieve results that benefit business practice and the greater economy. Management education promotes research that advances organizational effectiveness and efficiency and generates new ideas, theories and knowledge. This helps in commercialization of effective application of new technologies for production of goods and services that enhance the quality of life. It further serves as a catalyst for innovation and continuous improvement. The knowledge produced by management education has taken on new dimensions, adding diverse areas of research such as derivative pricing, supply chain management, portfolio theory, decision making, and quantitative methods. There exists a symbiotic relationship between business and society. Management education contributes to society through creation of organizations that enable richer lives for participants, creation of wealth and economic development opportunities, creation of employment along with the supply of essential goods and services to the society. Management education has revitalized and bolstered economic development in communities by involving students, faculty, and other resources in resolving real-world problems. It is this form of societal development that best exemplifies the connection between management education, management research, and society. Identifying Shortcomings in the existing system Types of Management education institutions There are presently six types of management education organisations. These are: Indian Institutes of Management (IIMs) set up by the Government of India. University departments of management studies Colleges (government or private) affiliated to universities Private or government institutes approved by the All India Council for Technical Education (AICTE) Private colleges or institutes not affiliated to any universities nor approved by AICTE. Private colleges or institutes offering MBA courses in India in collaboration with foreign universities, where degree/diploma/certificate is awarded by the foreign university. All the management education institutions are not fully autonomous. People going for higher education The literacy rate of India has increased to 64.8% but, the proportion of students joining tertiary education programmes after secondary level is still disappointingly low especially management education is still not attracting people from the lower strata of the society. One of the reasons cited for this lack of access is language. Command over English language is essential for the admission into management institute. In India, education in most of the areas is still carried out in Hindi medium schools because of which students do not develop a command over English language early. Some students shift to English medium schools but do not match the level of English medium school students. This weakness becomes a shortcoming for these students when they appear for entrance exams for management institutes later. Another reason for less access to management education is lack of financial support. Education loans are not easily available. Faculty There is a severe faculty shortage for management education in India. On an average, top central universities have 34% faculty seats vacant. Very few B-schools conduct faculty development programmes for upgrading the skills of existing faculty. It has been observed that a lot of fresh B-school graduates join lower rated institutes as faculty members straight after completing their PGDM. Students in B or C grade institutes, who do not get placed, take such a decision. Hence, the quality of faculty is also declining sharply. Lectures are becoming boring and teaching styles promote spoon-feeding. The quality of graduates produced has automatically declined. Instead of resolving this problem, the regulatory body has temporarily lowered the standards it set with respect to the faculty to students ratio and also senior to junior faculty ratio in an institute. Regulatory Body All India council for technical education is the government body that forms the regulatory regime of technical institutions in India. The regulatory mechanism for management education is unsatisfactory. The criteria for norms, standards and accreditation of institutes are in place but the implementation is not proper. The worst part is that management is treated as a sub-department of engineering and there is no regulatory body giving exclusive attention to management institutes. The regulation process at AICTE is rule based rather than quality based. The reason for this is that professional staffing for AICTE is not full time and most of the staff is on deputation for short periods of time. Institute rating and accreditation There is no agency appointed by the government that can provide reliable rating to the institutes imparting management education. Some media firms come out with ratings but there is no credibility attached to their report. Some institutes voluntarily go for some accreditation. Accreditation is a process of evaluating, mentoring and helping institutes who voluntarily wish to go beyond rating. Only 20% of Indian engineering programmes are accredited so far. Moreover, some institutes mislead the consumers by making false accreditation claims. Management education for serving the society In this era of globalization, management education needs to pursue greater scope and aim at a more wholesome impact on society. Such thinking is particularly relevant to India, with its diverse socio-cultural contexts and disparities in different occupations. A majority of management education organizations in India are primarily oriented to teaching while the awareness about the society they are going to serve takes a backseat. Leading management institutions in the country have been concerned about this wider application of management. E.g. IIM-A started a Centre of Management in Agriculture (CMA) to cover research in Agriculture credit, animal husbandry, rural electrification, fisheries, poultry, forestry, rural health and nutrition, government /cooperative sector. IIM-B launched its two-year PGP to provide entry-level managerial manpower to sectors such as education, energy, transportation, environment, and agriculture. Proposed Reforms to the problems discussed above Regulatory System There should be a fully autonomous body for regulation of management institutions. Like AICTE, this council should comprise eminent professionals, educationists, industrialists and administrators. This governing council should play a promotional role, a mentoring role and a surveillance role. It can play a promotional role by identifying the promoters, foreign universities, existing institutes of excellence and help them in setting up new management institutes in different regions. The Council will also have a cell, which will entirely focus on a mentoring role to help new institutes to establish standards of excellence. The Council will establish transparent criteria for rating and accreditation. It should perform function of registration of institutes and communicate the same to the general public. For this, it should use e-governance as a tool. It should set transparent criteria for rating and accreditation. These functions can be performed by the council itself or can be outsourced to reliable agencies. The council has to set criteria that any institute willing to provide management education has to satisfy for registration, rating, accreditation etc. Some of the attributes of the criteria can be student teacher ratio, the physical parameters of space, computers, libraries etc. Apart from these minimum standards, the methodologies used to impart management education are equally important. For this the council has to carry out an in-depth analysis and judgement would be required before the quality of the institute is assessed. Such a strict and dedicated approach would be necessary to improve the standard of management education in India. All these principles of governance should apply to management institutes set up not only by the government but also by private corporate houses, foreign universities/investors, NRIs, local entrepreneurs etc. Any fraudulent practice in presentation of the data or any physical criteria should attract im mediate penal provisions and de-registration. Any unregistered establishment if found imparting management education out of the purview of the guidelines set by the management education council should be termed as illegal and attract penalty as notified by the government. The council should charge an annual fee from the registered institutes. The disputes that arise can be resolved by an independent cell headed by a judge of the Supreme Court, if necessary. Model for Management Institutes: Autonomous Body model All management institutes should function autonomously after getting themselves registered in council for management education. Each institute must carry in all its communications, information regarding whether it is registered or not, enabling all stakeholders to have the correct information on its status. If a provider of management education is not registered, it cannot offer a diploma or degree. All stakeholders (students, parents and industry) must be sensitised to the consequences of non-registration. Every institute like any organization should have a governance board. Like any organization the number of directors should range from 8-12 comprising of independent members, promoters and faculty members. The key focus of the Governing Board should be to continuously improve quality of education and research. For this purpose, they would have to maximise the resource/fund inflows and allocate/spend them purposively and efficiently. This way the Board can ensure the i ndependence of management institutes and enhance its standards. The institute should be regularly audited and the report should be submitted to the regulatory council as part of the annual re-registration exercise. Processes involved Surveillance function Council can setup a low cost e-monitoring system to carry out its surveillance activities. The information should be checked and verified in a totally transparent manner and the stakeholders in the management institutes should be encouraged to follow the whistle blowing process in case they found any discrepancy. All complaints should be handled seriously and appropriate action should be taken. Governance All management institutes must have a governing body as pointed earlier. To ensure fair and just governance the composition of the governing body can be: Total no. of members in the board should not be more than 12. 50% should comprise of independent members comprising of professionals with high reputation like managers, CAs, lawyers, academicians) 25% should be the no. of promoters. 25% should comprise of faculty members including the director. Attendance to the board meeting should be important and reasonable sitting fee should be paid to the directors. The institute should have an explicitly stated mission. The rating and accreditation process will evaluate adherence to the stated mission in practice. The Board must approve an annual business plan (revenue and capital) based on the proposals from the director and top team. The board should follow a peer review methodology for evaluation. A Compliance Officer, reporting to the Board, should be nominated for ensu ring compliance on all the governance and registration requirements. The Board has to communicate compliance every year to the Governing Council for Management Education. The board can have 2 sub-committees as well: An internal audit committee, which will meet regularly and engage with external/internal auditors. It will also ensure that all statutory compliances are met regularly. The Chairman of the audit committee should be an independent director. A governance and personnel committee which will be charged with following responsibilities: To periodically recommend new members to join the board To ensure that remuneration levels are aligned with the vision and are competitive enough to attract appropriate faculty For recruitment, promotion and review of faculty Rating The rating agencies will have a framework similar to that of CRISIL and ICRA. These rating agencies will use common standards when rating these institutes, for disseminating correct information, surveillance and for de-registering institutes who fail to qualify. The rating will be done in 2 steps: The first step of rating will cover all aspects of physical infrastructure, required for registration purposes. The second step of rating will cover processes that determine quality (admissions, teaching learning process, research publications). Before a new management institute can admit students, it has to go through the first step of rating. A reliable rating system will help the market to function better, enabling students and employers to compare different management institutes. The Rating Agency will give the management institutes a complete report with its explanations for the ratings given. The institutes will have an opportunity to express its point of view. The Govern ing Council will decide on a fair and transparent mechanism to deal with any conflicting points of view. Accreditation Accreditation will be a separate function of the Governing Council for Management Education, in addition to the Rating. Rating is compulsory but accreditation is voluntary. An accredited institute is distinct from an institute rated in whatever category and should be treated as superior, since accreditation is a continuing commitment to processes of quality enhancement. Accreditation clearly establishes the management institute as having the highest quality standard. It is similar to an ISO 9000/9001 for manufacturing/service industries. The Council may develop a special logo for its accreditation, to visually convey and set the accredited institutes apart from the rest. False claims of accreditation should be dealt with suitably. Full time expert staff in the Council, in consultation with external experts from academia and industry, will determine the criteria and process of accreditation, in line with the best global practices. The Council will charge an accreditation fee from th e institute, as is the practice nationally and internationally. Availability of Teaching staff and their training There is a serious shortage of teaching faculty. Management institutes should be encouraged to offer a Ph.D. programme. Since, industry benefits from good faculty in institutes, they should be encouraged to give fellowships to doctoral students working in management institutes, at sustainable levels. Doctoral students, after completing their first year of education, could start to assist faculty members in their teaching and research work. Banks should also be encouraged to offer loans to doctoral students. However, faculty shortage is so acute that, in addition to pursuing the above mentioned traditional routes, new support facilities have to be created. Management Faculty Development Programmes A foundation for management faculty development should be created which is financially sound and academically credible so that it can attract the best faculty domestically and from abroad. Such a new faculty development body may be promoted jointly by the IIMs, by industry and also by the government. To make this Foundation financially strong, funds may be raised, both domestically and abroad, from corporate and individuals. Foundation should support the faculty in newly created and existing institutes through training and re-training programmes. This Foundation should have good linkages with faculty abroad as well as involve industry at the governance and at the operational level. The proposed Foundation should be charged with leading and setting the standards for curriculum. It should seek a broad mandate with guidelines for what is needed for different sectors. Faculty must be required to devote at least 10-15 days after every 3-5 years for self development. There should be an incentive for being involved in some of the programmes of the Foundation for instance, successful completion of and involvement in such programmes can become points in favour of promotion of faculty. Setting up of new Management Education Institutes The establishment of a new wave of institutions within the stipulated governance and regulatory architecture that the Group has outlined above would raise the quality of management education in India. The following steps should be taken to open up new institutes: Invite Entrepreneurs: Transparent and smooth system for donations, tax breaks and other such incentives to donors must be considered. Permit Foreign Universities: Foreign universities with a good reputation in their home countries are expected to spur the Indian system to achieve higher levels of quality and to add a new attraction to the profession of management teaching. Invite Corporate to open up management institutes through which they can reap the benefits in the future and also fulfil their acts of corporate social responsibility. Measures to make management programmes more effective Making curricula sensitive to wider needs of society Indian economy is globalizing and a lot more research work done in the foreign countries is relevant. Solutions to a number of issues/problems in our country have to be very different as result of the cultural and social structure. As the Group is recommending departments of universities to become independent autonomous organisations, they should be encouraged to engage in exposing their students to the relevant social/cultural context in their local environment. It could be done through bringing into the classroom discussions/reflections of real life value-conflict situations as case studies. Executive Programmes The management institutes should be encourages to design and offer short duration programmes for government officers in their role as managers of economic areas. Making bachelor programmes more relevant The current Bachelors programmes are neither a good grounding for being managers nor a good preparation for entry into post-graduate programmes. This is mainly because of the inexperience and immaturity of the students and the text-bookish nature of the curriculum. The curriculum needs to be recast to prepare the students for junior management level jobs by introducing substantial duration of apprenticeship in organizations, if necessary with appropriate discipline/ sector specializations. Top institutes should adopt budding management institutes in their regions The possibility of leveraging the better-rated institutions to develop the promising management institutes needs to be explored. These institutes should assist the new institutes in ways like curriculum development, case study and teaching, student exchange programmes, sharing experiences in pedagogy, faculty development and placements. Distance Learning Programmes There have been a number of initiatives in providing online education/training in management. Online and Distance Learning programmes have the large potential to bridge the gap between demand and supply for managers in our dynamic economy. Conclusion The roadmap for implementation of the agenda for improving the standard of management education in India is given above. An agenda needs the support of administrators and enforcement by law to achieve the desired results. India has a long way to go as far as the quality of institutes and the level of management education is concerned. The growth rate of management education institutes does not match with that of the Indian economy because of which the demand supply gap of management professionals has widened and continues to do so. Implementing these steps will not only help narrow that gap but also achieve a certain level of quality. India already has a basic structure to impart quality management education; these steps will help in capitalizing upon that and overcome the shortcomings that are stopping the country to match the world standards in management education. The results will be prominent within the next 10 years and many more Indian institutes will appear in the top ranke d management institutes across the world.

The Benefits Of A Lifestyle Essay - 1714 Words

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