Living more than once Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Living more than once - Essay Example I am fascinated about the title of the book, which I believe grabs the attention of the reader. As the wise saying goes, the container (title) is as important as the contents. The Pearl by John Steinbeck is one such novel. The title appealed to me instantly and kindled curiosity to know about its contents. The Pearl is a function novella. It tells the story of a poor family and their only son is bitten by a scorpion and the family does not have money to provide him with proper medical treatment. Pearl is a precious item and so is the life of an individual which is comparable to the pearl. Some select and unique experiences fall to the lot of each individual and they are like pearls and at the given time no one realizes their importance, until one happens to lose them. At that stage the individual realizes the difference in life the pearl makes, in possessing it and in not possessing the same. Through this great function novella one can easily connect its contents to one’s real life situations. I think John Steinbeck’s main purpose of writing this novella is it to make the reader reconsider the importance of owning the things and count their blessings with a positive frame of mind. Others may not possess half of them. The novella begins with the introductory remarks about the man named Kino and his lovely wife Juana and their son Coyotito. They are poor and live near the sea shore. Kino has a boat which was given to him by his grandfather and the family is having a wonderful life. It is full of love, family warmth and safety. Most of us are not aware in the real sense what the advantages we are blessed with in life. They hanker in pursuit of more wealth and articles of luxury, which one does not really need and lose track of the real purpose of life. The family, though poor, happens to acquire a pearl and soon the situation changes for the worse. A scorpion bits his son and that provides the

The federal budget and the state Essay Example for Free

The federal budget and the state Essay The main difference between the federal budget and the state and local budgets is the issue of a monetary deficit, in which expenditures in the budget exceeds revenues that were estimated. State and local governments are required to balance their budgets. The federal government is allowed to borrow money to meet its obligations and have a deficit. The federal government collects the most tax revenue, but state and local governments have a greater range of revenue options for funding their budgets. The federal government relies mainly on income taxes, capital gains and Social Security taxes. State and local governments collect sales taxes, taxes on fuel, property taxes and fees from special licenses and permits. Also, many state and local Governments collect funds from state lotteries and taxes on alcohol and tobacco. When comparing Federal, State and Local Budgets, each one is slightly different. Each budget has its own goals and direction that they are moving toward. On the internet site: http://www.usgovernmentspending.com I was able to obtain several pie charts that breaks down the 2012 fiscal year budget for Federal, State and Local governments. These pie charts give a basic breakdown of the budgets for each level. Figure 1: Federal Budget (Federal Budget Site). This budget shows that the largest portion of the federal budget is for Defense. This includes military spending for the troops in the Afghanistan and Iraq and Homeland Security. Since 200,1 this portion of the budget has increased from $297 billion to $740 billion in 2011. The next largest portion is both Health Care and Pensions at 22% of the federal budget each. Health care constitutes Social Security, Medicare and Medicaid. Social Security was established in the 1930s and was created to help older Americans. Before Social Security the responsibility of their well being was the responsibility of the community and the family. While the individual was working, they paid a small portion into a federal fund so they would be able to receive benefits when they were older. Medicare benefits are sometimes considered part of the Social Security benefits but are actually a separate program. Medicare was established in 1965 and is available for people 65 and older, people under 65 that have disabilities and people that have permanent kidney failure that are in need of a transplant and receiving dialysis (Medicare Site). Medicare comes in two portions. Part A includes hospital  expenses that normally cost the Medicare holder nothing out of pocket. Part B covers the cost of doctor visits and other medical care but cost the Medicare holder a small monthly charge (Medicare site). Medicaid is an insurance covered by the federal government for people that have lower incomes and cannot afford health insurance (Medicaid site). Next on the pie chart show that 12% is spent on Welfare. This would include Unemployment, Workers Compensation and food and nutrition assistance. The fifth largest portion on the federal budget is the money paid back due to interest. The federal government must make payments on the interest on the money it has borrowed, which is now the National Debt. The amount of the interest only is approximately $230 billion of around 6% of the federal budget (Policy Basics). Figure Two: Georgia State Budget (Georgia Budget Site). This budget shows that the largest portion of the Georgia budget is for Education, at over half of the budget. Education would include an increase of $188.5 million from previous years. This is because of the increase in k-12 students and an increase in the college system and the state making the required payments into the Teachers Retirement System (Georgia Budget). The next largest portion of the Georgia budget is regarding Healthcare. In Georgia they face several different challenges when it comes to health care; Infectious diseases, obesity and low birth weights are just a few of these problems. Georgia’s public health challenges such as obesity, infectious disease and low birthweight continue to increase in importance, but Georgia’s per-capita investment in public health programs has declined in recent years due to a shrinking state funding commitment coupled with a growing state population. The next largest portion at almost 10% of the budget is allotted to Criminal Justice. In the state of Georgia we have 159 state funded prisons that house over 57,000 inmates (Ga Prison Fact Sheet). This also includes over 13,000 state employees that run these facilities (AJC Prison). Each inmate takes approximately $51 a day. This includes housing, meals and general day to day activities (Ga Prison Fact Sheet). Forth largest in the Georgia budget is for Debt Services. Debt services include the payments of the principal and interest of any general or long term obligation that the state has accrued. This amount is over $64 million in 2012. Lastly, the fifth  largest budget allocation is for transportation. Transportation encompasses road repair, improving the efficiency of the movement of goods, construction of new roads and Highways and reducing congestion within the state. Along with these services, the salaries and benefits of their employees are figured into this section of the b udget (Georgia Budget site). Figure 3: Local Budget (Cobb County Budget). This budget shows the breakdown on the spending in Cobb County Georgia. Cobb County includes portions of Atlanta and is just north of Fulton County, which contains the largest portion of the city of Atlanta. The largest portion of the Cobb County budget goes toward Education. In Cobb County there are 4 Universities, 64 Elementary Schools, 25 Middle Schools and 16 High Schools (Cobb County School Site). The Cobb County school system is the 2nd largest system in the state and 24th largest in the country (Cobb County School site). With the large amount of Schools in the County come a large number of employees at 13,551. This portion of the budget includes keeping up with technology, salaries, maintenance of older schools and the construction of new facilities. The Next largest is listed as Other Spending. Other spending would include things like waste management, water treatment, and agriculture and community development. Each area has its own operating expenses, salaries and new projects. The third largest budget expense in the Cobb County Budget is for Protection. This would include things like the jail and court system, Sheriffs Office, Police Departments, Fire Department, 911 services and Ambulance services. Just like each other portion of the budget it contains operating expenses and salaries of their employees. The fourth and fifth largest portion of the Cobb County Budget, at 8% is for Transportation and Health Care. Transportation in Cobb County would include things like public transit system, operation of the Department of Transportation operation and the school bus department. Health care in Cobb County maintains a Public Health Department and two separate hospitals. When comparing the different budgets, each one has a much different focus on their expenditures. Some portions of each budget in the top five are shared by each level in some sort of fashion. The number one expenditure for the Federal Government is Defense. Number three for the State of Georgia is Criminal Justice and number three for Cobb County Georgia is Protection.  Comparatively so, all three items are very much alike. The federal government is concerned with National Security and based 24% of its budget on its funding. The State of Georgia spends 9.4% of their budget toward state prisons and their state police. Cobb County spends 11% of their budget to protect their citizens by pre-trial housing, local law enforcement and emergency medical services. Another large expenditure for the federal government is health care at 22% of their budget. This is only slightly higher than the State of Georgia spends on health care at 20.5%. Cobb Countys Health Care budget comes in at the 5th highest expense at only 8%. When looking at the different budgets I started trying to compare all three of them and decided that the best way to look at the different spending is with a graph that give a visual element to better describe the scope of their spending. Based on each group of budgets, these graphs show the comparative relationship between the top five expenditures. This first graph shows that the top five budget expenses for the federal government is much different when compared to the State of Georgia and the Cobb County Government. The federal government spends 24% of its budget on national defense and 22% each on Health Care and Federal Pensions. Looking at the top five budget items for the federal government uses 86% of their available funds. This graph shows the State of Georgia top five budget items. The majority of the budget for Georgia is allocated to Education at 51.8% of their funds. The top five budget items for the State of Georgia uses 92.2% of the $19.2 billion budget. This graph shows the top five budget items for Cobb County Georgia. It shows a drastic difference in the second largest budget item, Community Development at 20%.

Act 5 sc 3 and Act 3 sc 3 in Shakespeares Coriolanus Essay -- Coriola

A tragedy typically deals with the downfall of an important character, in a serious play, via a fatal flaw. The audience would feel upset for the character as his weakness is not his fault and his in his nature. A tragedy has an unhappy ending or ongoing poignant events and during Act 5 sc3 and Act 3 sc3 in Shakespeare?s Coriolanus many of these take place. Coriolanus? weakness is his honesty. As we see later others know how to manipulate this which in turn brings him to his demise. Although he is modest and honourable the common people despise him as he is arrogant about his fighting skills and constantly insults them. ?You dissentious rouges, that, rubbing the poor itch of opinion make yourself scabs He speaks his mind and nothing but the truth and because of this the audience first see him as an arrogant character. Due to this at the beginning of the play the citizens are threatening rebellion and call him ?Chief enemy to the people!? Later on in the play the audience see him as modest as he doesn?t like praise for his great bravery in battle. ?I had rather have my wounds heal again than hear say how I got them.? Coriolanus is a born fighter and is even named after the Roman god of war Mars (Caius Martius). Because of this he receives the name ?Coriolanus? for his brave acts in battle. His mother Volumnia is a very strong, well spoken woman who has great speaking skills. She has brought Coriolanus up to be strong and fearless and follow her teachings, which causes him to be exactly like her in everyway. He has a great grasp of language and uses this to convey his true feelings. The political system in Rome at the time of the play is a democratic society. This allows the common people to vote for who they want to come to power. This is different to every other city at the time as elsewhere whoever came to power was determined by wealth. This came around after Kings had ruled Rome for years until the last king imposed himself upon a young girl, because of the distress received she later committed suicide in public. The commoners were furious about this and rose up against the king and took over. They took an oath never to allow another king in Rome and created a republic. The people are split into tribes in which each tribe has one vote determined by majority. Coriolanus believes this system to be wrong as he feels that the commoners aren?t able... ...to this insult immediately which allows Martius to see what he has become. The irony in the scene ultimately makes Coriolanus tragedy apparent. This is due to Coriolanus gradually giving in to the persuasive techniques of his mother. He had previously said that he would not be turned from his target; this gives Aufidius his reason to murder Coriolanus completing his tragedy fully. There is a long pause and Coriolanus is defeated. He holds his mothers hand and weeps, ?O mother what have you done Martius realises his fate and accepts it with dignity, ?But let it come.? Aufidius now has reason to regain his fortune and Coriolanus follows him back to meet his doom. In the end Coriolanus is brought down by his nature. Shakespeare made Coriolanus? love of his mother so strong that he could not disobey his nature to deny her. She held so much power over him and without knowing it this led her son to his death. Aristotle?s definition of a tragedy was: ?the downfall of an important character via a fatal flaw.? Shakespeare makes this so by making Coriolanus such a noble man. This in turn allows Coriolanus give into his mothers persuasive techniques and leads him to his downfall.

Oscar Wildes The Importance of Being Earnest Essay -- Oscar Wilde Imp

Oscar Wilde's "The Importance of Being Earnest" In the closing lines of the first act of Oscar Wilde's "The Importance of Being Earnest," Algernon remarks, "I love scrapes. They are the only things that are never serious," to which Jack responds, "Oh, that's nonsense Algy. You never talk about anything but nonsense." Algernon caps off this exchange with a proclamation of the purpose of the whole work: "Nobody ever does" (1642). Wilde never allows anything in the work to conclude on a serious note. While Wilde repeatedly proclaims this direction for the play through his characters, he does not tell us the motivation for this direction. He never explains why there is this avoidance of earnestness. The most apparent answer lies in the veiled criticism of Victorian society contained at each level of the play. The quick paradoxical epigrams that form the core of the conversational comedy are pointed at Victorian society. Wilde also abuses the concept of characterization with paradox to create comical characters that expose Victori an deficiencies. Each of these criticisms relies upon the paradoxes that Wilde sets up on successively larger scales within the play. It is, in fact, this tool of humor, not the object of ridicule that truly defines this work. While each paradox is pointed at Victorian society, the individual paradoxes each take on a different element of Victorian society, thereby diminishing the pointedness of the overall criticism. The use of paradox allows Wilde to take this play beyond its narrow and somewhat scattered critique of Victorian society. The underpinning element then, is not Victorian society, but instead the paradox, the concept of dual, irreconcilable elements. This more lasting topic is, not co... ...man in prudish nineteenth century England Oscar Wilde never felt comfortably assimilated into the strait society that surrounded him. He was forced to assume a double identity to cope with his divergence from the norms of the day. This tax that the society levied upon Wilde undoubtedly engendered an animosity, an animosity that is reflected in his ironic, and sardonic treatment of Victorian society in "The Importance of Being Earnest". However, the multiple and irreconcilable identities that Wilde was forced into are the more significant driving force behind this work. This struggle with identities is seen in the paradoxes that pervade all levels of the work. In the end though, these large themes build upon, rather than overshadow Wilde's greatest genius which lies in his subtle turns of phrases and words that keep even the most earnest reader chuckling throughout. Oscar Wilde's The Importance of Being Earnest Essay -- Oscar Wilde Imp Oscar Wilde's "The Importance of Being Earnest" In the closing lines of the first act of Oscar Wilde's "The Importance of Being Earnest," Algernon remarks, "I love scrapes. They are the only things that are never serious," to which Jack responds, "Oh, that's nonsense Algy. You never talk about anything but nonsense." Algernon caps off this exchange with a proclamation of the purpose of the whole work: "Nobody ever does" (1642). Wilde never allows anything in the work to conclude on a serious note. While Wilde repeatedly proclaims this direction for the play through his characters, he does not tell us the motivation for this direction. He never explains why there is this avoidance of earnestness. The most apparent answer lies in the veiled criticism of Victorian society contained at each level of the play. The quick paradoxical epigrams that form the core of the conversational comedy are pointed at Victorian society. Wilde also abuses the concept of characterization with paradox to create comical characters that expose Victori an deficiencies. Each of these criticisms relies upon the paradoxes that Wilde sets up on successively larger scales within the play. It is, in fact, this tool of humor, not the object of ridicule that truly defines this work. While each paradox is pointed at Victorian society, the individual paradoxes each take on a different element of Victorian society, thereby diminishing the pointedness of the overall criticism. The use of paradox allows Wilde to take this play beyond its narrow and somewhat scattered critique of Victorian society. The underpinning element then, is not Victorian society, but instead the paradox, the concept of dual, irreconcilable elements. This more lasting topic is, not co... ...man in prudish nineteenth century England Oscar Wilde never felt comfortably assimilated into the strait society that surrounded him. He was forced to assume a double identity to cope with his divergence from the norms of the day. This tax that the society levied upon Wilde undoubtedly engendered an animosity, an animosity that is reflected in his ironic, and sardonic treatment of Victorian society in "The Importance of Being Earnest". However, the multiple and irreconcilable identities that Wilde was forced into are the more significant driving force behind this work. This struggle with identities is seen in the paradoxes that pervade all levels of the work. In the end though, these large themes build upon, rather than overshadow Wilde's greatest genius which lies in his subtle turns of phrases and words that keep even the most earnest reader chuckling throughout.

Etruscan Art

Chapter 9 THE ETRUSCANS ASSIGNMENTS/ WEEK 5 MULTIPLE CHOICE: ENCIRCLE YOUR ANSWER 1. The Etruscans shared a common linguistic heritage and religious reliefs, but they lacked which of the following? a. political cohesion b. being ruled by a king c. extensive international trade experience d. a strong navy for defense and trade 2. Which of the following allowed Etruscan society to transform itself in the 7th century BCE? a. an alliance with Republican Rome b. an alliance with Greek colonies in the South c. great mineral wealth d. a strong navy 3. The fibula excavated from the Regolini-Galassi Tomb illustrates motifs borrowed from the Orient. Which of the following is one of the Oriental motifs? a. walking lions b. standing ibexes c. she-wolf d. galloping centaurs 4. The column used on Etruscan temples is similar to which type of Greek column? a. Doric b. Ionic c. Corinthian d. Composite 5. During the sixth century BCE, Etruscans favored monumental sarcophagi that contained which of the following? a. bones of the deceased b. bones of the entire family c. ashes of the deceased d. ashes of the deceased and his or her slaves 6. The typical tomb form found at Cerveteri is which of the following? a. mausoleum b. tumulus c. tomb-shrine d. mall Etruscan house-shaped terracotta 7. Pedimental sculpture is extremely rare in Etruscan temple architecture. Normally the Etruscans placed their narrative statuary on which of the following elements? a. the peaks of the temple roof b. the double niches on the porches c. only in interior niches in the cella d. only in niches next to the entrance 8. In Etruscan iconography, which of the foll owing symbolized regeneration? a. wine b. birds c. egg d. bees 9. Unlike Greek temples, Etruscan temples were not meant to be seen as sculptural masses. Which of the following architectural elements would this? . Columns completely encircled the structure b. The entrance was centered at the front of the structure c. The front and rear of the structure were indistinguishable d. Narrowed staircases were found on all four sides of the structure 10. The sarcophagus of Lars Pulena was made in the early second century BCE. His expression was somber; although Lars Pulena is shown reclining, he is not at a festive banquet. Which of the following could account for this? a. A funeral called for gloomy behavior a. The family was Roman and did not follow Etruscan funeral practices b. It illustrated the decline in Etruscan fortunes c. It illustrated the decline in the fortune of Lars Pulena 11. Which of the following works of art illustrates how Romanized the Etruscans became in the 1st century BCE? a. Apulu Veii b. Aule Metele c. Fibula, Regolini-Galassi Tomb d. Reclining Couple Sarcophagus 12. Which of the following was a tool used by archaeologists to explore tomb interiors at Tarquinia without the expensive and time-consuming excavation process? a. periscope b. underground seismograph c. surveying local black market dealers d. careful measurement of the entire Tarquinia cemetery 13. The banquet setting seen in the Tomb of the Leopards takes place in which of the following settings? a. a palace dining room b. a private house c. the open air d. the council chambers of the king 14. The theme celebrated in both the Tomb of the Leopards and the Tomb of Hunting and Fishing is which of the following? a. the joy of life b. the gloom of death c. victory in battle d. the sorrow of death 15. The center for the bronze cista industry was located in which of the following cities? a. Rome b. Tarquinia c. Palestrina d. Veii 16. The wide, overhang roof of the Etruscan temple could function as which of the following? a. a place of shelter . a sculptural mass to be seen from all directions c. a poor copy of a Greek temple d. an ill-defined home for the priests 17. Which century marks the incorporation of Etruria into the Roman Empire? a. 1st century BCE b. 3rd century CE c. 5th century BCE d. 2nd century CE 18. How were Etruscan cemeteries arranged? a. They were arranged around a center pyramid b. They were arranged in haphazard manner c. They were arranged in an orderly manner d. There were no cemeteries, burials were allowed in the home garden of the deceased 19. Terracotta sarcophagi showing life-sized reclining figures are most typical of which of the following centuries? . 2nd century BCE b. 6th century BCE c. 1st century BCE d. 9th century BCE 20. The Etruscans preferred which the following materials for sculpture? a. marble b. gold c. terracotta d. limestone 21. Etruscan artisans particularly excelled at which of the following? a. intarsia b. marble sculpture c. weaving d. metalworking 22. Which of the following describes Etruscan art? a. It was a combination of motion and vitality b. It was a combination of stability and calm c. It was a combination of rigid frontality and symmetry d. It was a mass of cylindrical forms 23. How did the Etruscans typically bury their dead? a. on high mountaintops b. n columbaria within the city limits c. in subterranea n rooms arranged along a network of streets in a city of the dead d. in catacombs outside the city walls 24. The Apulu of Veii is made of which of the following materials? a. bronze b. terracotta c. marble d. wood 25. The wall painting in the Tomb of the Leopards portrays which of the following? a. the Roman invasion b. centaurs and lapiths c. banqueters and musicians d. funeral processions 26. Which of the following mythical scenes decorated the Ficoroni Cista? a. the Argonauts b. Medusa and Perseus c. lapiths and centaurs d. the gods versus the giants 27. Who or what is Tinia? . lady of Vulci b. Greek goddess c. an ancient cloak d. Etruscan god 28. The Etruscan temple differed from the Greek temple because it had which of the following? a. an ionic frieze b. a false porch c. no roof d. three cellas 29. The Etruscans preferred what building material(s) for their temples? a. marble b. limestone c. wood and mudbrick d. glazed brick 30. Most architectural sculpture was made to decorat e what part of the Etruscan temple? a. the sides b. the entryways c. the pediment d. the roof 31. The Etruscans became citizens of which the following in the first century BCE? a. Rome b. Perugia c. Paestum d. Athens

English-Learning Podcasts for Teachers and Students

English-Learning Podcasts for Teachers and Students Podcasting provides a means of publishing audio programs via the Internet. Users can automatically download podcasts (usually mp3 files) onto their computers and transfer these recordings automatically to portable music players such as Apples extremely popular iPods. Users can then listen to the files anytime and anywhere they choose. Podcasting is especially interesting for English learners as it provides a means for students to get access to authentic listening sources about almost any subject they may interest them. Teachers can take advantage of podcasts as a basis for listening comprehension exercises, as a means of generating conversation based on students reaction to podcasts, and as a way of providing each and every student diverse listening materials. Students will obviously find the ability to listen to these podcasts useful especially due to its portability. Another extremely useful aspect of podcasting is its subscription model. In this model, users subscribe to a feed using a program. The most popular of these programs, and possibly most useful, is iTunes. While iTunes is not by any means solely dedicated to podcasts, it does provide an easy means to subscribe to free podcasts. Another popular program is available at iPodder, which focuses solely on subscribing to podcasts. Podcasting for English Learners and Teachers While podcasting is relatively new, there are already a number of promising podcasts dedicated to English learning. Here is a selection of the best I could find: English Feed English Feed is a new podcast I have created. The podcast focuses on important grammar and vocabulary subjects while providing great listening practice. You can sign up for the podcast in iTunes, iPodder, or any other podcatching software. If you arent sure of what podcasting is ( a listening practice that you can receive automatically), you might want to take a look at this short introduction to podcasting. The Word Nerds This podcast is very professional, delivers excellent information about relevant topics and is a lot of fun. Created for native speakers of English who enjoy learning about the ins-and-outs of the language, The Word Nerds podcast is also excellent for advanced level English learners - especially those who are interested in idiomatic English. English Teacher John Show Podcast John focuses on understandable English speaking in an extremely clear voice (some might find the perfect pronunciation unnatural) provides useful English lesson - ideal for intermediate level learners. ESLPod One of the more mature - if you can say that anything is mature at this point - podcasts dedicated to ESL learning. The podcasts include advanced vocabulary and subjects which will prove especially useful for English for Academic Purposes classes. Pronunciation is very slow and clear, if rather unnatural. Flo-Joe Also, a commercial site for teachers and students preparing for Cambridge First Certificate in English (FCE), Certificate in Advanced English (CAE) and Certificate of Proficiency in English (CPE). Advanced level English podcasting with a decidedly British accent - both in terms of pronunciation and themes about British life.

The Battle of San Jacinto in the Texas Revolution

The Battle of San Jacinto in the Texas Revolution The Battle of San Jacinto on April 21, 1836, ​was the defining battle of the Texas Revolution. Mexican General Santa Anna had unwisely divided his force to mop up those Texans still in rebellion after the Battle of the Alamo and the Goliad Massacre. General Sam Houston, sensing Santa Annas mistake, engaged him on the shores of the San Jacinto River. The battle was a rout, as hundreds of Mexican soldiers were killed or captured. Santa Anna himself was captured and forced to sign a treaty, effectively ending the war. Rebellion in Texas Tensions had long been simmering between rebellious Texans and Mexico. Settlers from the USA had been coming to Texas (then a part of Mexico) for years, with the support of the Mexican government, but a number of factors made them unhappy and open war broke out at the Battle of Gonzales on October 2, 1835. Mexican President/General Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna marched north with a massive army to put down the rebellion. He defeated the Texans at the legendary Battle of the Alamo on March 6, 1836. This was followed by the Goliad Massacre, in which some 350 rebellious Texan prisoners were executed. Santa Anna vs. Sam Houston After the Alamo and Goliad, panicked Texans fled east, fearing for their lives. Santa Anna believed that the Texans were beaten even though General Sam Houston still had an army of almost 900 in the field and more recruits came every day. Santa Anna chased the fleeing Texans, alienating many with his policies of driving off Anglo settlers and destroying their homesteads. Meanwhile, Houston kept one step ahead of Santa Anna. His critics called him a coward, but Houston felt he would only get one shot at defeating the much-larger Mexican army and preferred to pick the time and place for battle. Prelude to Battle In April of 1836, Santa Anna learned that Houston was moving east. He divided his army in three: one part went on a failed attempt to capture the provisional government, another remained to protect his supply lines, and the third, which he commanded himself, went after Houston and his army. When Houston learned what Santa Anna had done, he knew the time was right and turned to meet the Mexicans. Santa Anna set up camp on April 19, 1836, in a marshy area bordered by the San Jacinto River, Buffalo Bayou and a lake. Houston set up camp nearby. Sherman’s Charge On the afternoon of April 20, as the two armies continued to skirmish and size each other up, Sidney Sherman demanded that Houston send a cavalry charge to attack the Mexicans: Houston thought this foolish. Sherman rounded up about 60 horsemen and charged anyway. The Mexicans did not flinch and before long, the horsemen were trapped, forcing the rest of the Texan army to briefly attack to allow them to escape. This was typical of Houston’s command. As most of the men were volunteers, they did not have to take orders from anyone if they didn’t want to and often did things on their own. The Battle of San Jacinto On the following day, April 21, Santa Anna received some 500 reinforcements under the command of General Martà ­n Perfecto de Cos. When Houston didn’t attack at first light, Santa Anna assumed he would not attack that day and the Mexicans rested. The troops under Cos were particularly tired. The Texans wanted to fight and several junior officers tried to convince Houston to attack. Houston held a good defensive position and wanted to let Santa Anna attack first, but in the end, he was convinced of the wisdom of an attack. At about 3:30, the Texans began silently marching forward, trying to get as close as possible before opening fire. Total Defeat As soon as the Mexicans realized an attack was coming, Houston ordered the cannons to fire (he had two of them, called the â€Å"twin sisters†) and the cavalry and infantry to charge. The Mexicans were taken completely unawares. Many were asleep and almost none were in defensive position. The angry Texans swarmed into the enemy camp, shouting â€Å"Remember Goliad!† and â€Å"Remember the Alamo!† After about 20 minutes, all organized resistance failed. Panicked Mexicans tried to flee only to find themselves trapped by the river or bayou. Many of Santa Anna’s best officers fell early and loss of leadership made the rout even worse. The Final Toll The Texans, still enraged over the massacres at the Alamo and Goliad, showed little pity for the Mexicans. Many Mexicans tried to surrender, saying â€Å"me no La Bahà ­a (Goliad), me no Alamo,† but it was no use. The worst part of the slaughter was at the edges of the Bayou, where fleeing Mexicans found themselves cornered. The final toll for the Texans: nine dead and 30 wounded, including Sam Houston, who had been shot in the ankle. For the Mexicans: about 630 dead, 200 wounded and 730 captured, including Santa Anna himself, who was captured the next day as he tried to flee in civilian clothes. Legacy of the Battle of San Jacinto After the battle, many of the victorious Texans clamored for the execution of General Santa Anna. Houston wisely refrained. He correctly surmised that Santa Anna was worth much more alive than dead. There were still three large Mexican armies in Texas, under Generals Filisola, Urrea and Gaona: any one of them was large enough to potentially defeat Houston and his men. Houston and his officers spoke with Santa Anna for hours before deciding on a course of action. Santa Anna dictated orders to his generals: they were to leave Texas at once. He also signed documents recognizing the independence of Texas and ending the war. Somewhat amazingly, Santa Annas generals did as they were told and retreated out of Texas with their armies. Santa Anna somehow evaded execution and eventually made his way back to Mexico, where he would later resume the Presidency, go back on his word, and try more than once to re-take Texas. But every effort was doomed to failure. Texas was gone, soon to be followed by California, New Mexico, and much more Mexican territory. History lends events such as the independence of Texas a certain feeling of inevitability  as if it was always the destiny of Texas to become first independent and then a state in the USA. The reality was different. The Texans had just suffered two huge losses at the Alamo and Goliad and were on the run. Had Santa Anna not split his forces, Houstons army may well have been beaten by the Mexicans superior numbers. In addition, Santa Annas generals had the strength to defeat the Texans: had Santa Anna been executed, they likely would have kept fighting. In either case, history would be much different today. As it was, the Mexicans crushing defeat at the Battle of San Jacinto proved decisive for Texas. The Mexican army retreated, effectively ending the only realistic chance they ever had of re-taking Texas. Mexico would futilely try for years to reclaim Texas, only finally relinquishing any claim to it after the Mexican-American War. San Jacinto was Houstons finest hour. The glorious victory silenced his critics and gave him the invincible air of a war hero, which served him in good stead during his subsequent political career. His decisions were consistently proven wise. His reluctance to attack Santa Annas unified force and his refusal to let the captured dictator be executed are two good examples. For the Mexicans, San Jacinto was the start of a long national nightmare that would end with the loss of not only Texas  but also California, New Mexico, and much more. It was a humiliating defeat and for years. Mexican politicians made great plans to get Texas back, but deep down they knew it was gone. Santa Anna was disgraced  but would make yet another comeback in Mexican politics during the Pastry War against France in 1838-1839. Today, there is a monument at the San Jacinto battlefield, not far from the city of Houston. Resources and Further Reading Brands, H.W. Lone Star Nation: the Epic Story of the Battle for Texas Independence. New York: Anchor Books, 2004.

Reporting on Meetings and Conferences in Journalism

Reporting on Meetings and Conferences in Journalism So you’re writing a news story that covers a meeting- maybe a  school board hearing or town hall- for the first time, and aren’t sure where to start as far as the reporting is concerned. Here are some tips to make the process easier.​ Get the Agenda Get a copy of the meeting’s agenda ahead of time. You can usually do this by calling or visiting your local town hall or school board office, or by checking their website. Knowing what they plan to discuss is always better than walking into the meeting cold.​ Pre-Meeting Reporting Once you’ve got the agenda, do a little reporting even before the meeting. Find out about the issues they plan to discuss. You can check the website of your local paper to see if they’ve written about any of the issues coming up, or even call members of the council or board and interview them.​ Find Your Focus Pick a few key issues on the agenda that you will focus on. Look for the issues that are the most newsworthy, controversial or interesting. If you’re not sure what’s newsworthy, ask yourself: which of the issues on the agenda will affect the most people in the community? Chances are, the more people affected by an issue, the more newsworthy it is. For example, if the school board is about to raise property taxes 3 percent, that’s an issue that will affect every homeowner in your town. Newsworthy? Absolutely. Likewise, is the board is debating whether to ban some books from school libraries after being pressured by religious groups, that’s bound to be controversial and newsworthy. On the other hand, if the town council is voting on whether to raise the town clerk’s salary by $2,000, is that newsworthy? Probably not, unless the town’s budget has been slashed so much that pay raises for town officials have become controversial. The only person really affected here is the town clerk, so your readership for that item would probably be an audience of one.​ Report, Report, Report Once the meeting’s underway, be absolutely thorough in your reporting. Obviously, you need to take good notes during the meeting, but that’s not enough. When the meeting has ended, your reporting has just begun. Interview members of the council or board after the meeting for any additional quotes or information you might need, and if the meeting involved soliciting comments from local residents, interview some of them as well. If an issue of some controversy came up, be sure to interview people on both sides of the fence as far as that issue is concerned.​ Get Phone Numbers Get phone numbers and email addresses- and, depending on your style guide, home towns and ages- for everyone you interview. Virtually every reporter who’s ever covered a meeting has had the experience of getting back to the office to write, only to discover there’s another question they need to ask. Having those numbers on hand is invaluable.​ Understand What Happened Remember, to produce solid meeting stories, never leave a meeting without understanding exactly what happened. The goal of your reporting is to understand what exactly happened at the meeting. Too often, beginner reporters will cover a town hall hearing or school board meeting, dutifully taking notes throughout. But in the end, they leave the building without really understanding what they’ve just seen. When they try to write a story, they can’t. You can’t write about something you don’t understand.

Discuss ways in which developmental psychology can inform practice in Essay

Discuss ways in which developmental psychology can inform practice in specific learning difficultires - Essay Example There are certain examples of learning difficulties that can be related to processing of sensory information that can cause misunderstanding of the stimuli gathered from the environment for learning. In both children and adult, the main hindrance with regards to the achievement of the optimum performance at work and in school can be considered as the main consequence. It is then important to determine the different types of learning difficulties as well as the interventions that can be undertaken (Segal, Cutter, Jaffe-Gill, Barston and De Benedictis, 2008; Wood, Littleton and Sheehy, 2006). The main objective of the study undertaken is to be able to give an overview of the types of learning difficulties and focus on the interventions that can be related to developmental psychology. For that matter the main target are the results of the studies undertaken by the experts in relation to children on the basis of the fact that the brain has a very high capability to adapt and change upon proper and specific training and development. There are different types of learning abilities with the general indications of lack of attention and motivation. The said conditions can be traced in the functioning of the nervous system which can affect different learning skills including verbal and non-verbal information with problems in terms of acquisition of information, understanding, organization, memory and expression (Helpguide.Org, 2009; Segal, Cutter, Jaffe-Gill, Barston and De Benedictis, 2008). The learning difficulties that can be related to reading disorder as well as the expression through writing can be included in the learning difficulties classified in the area of language. Specific examples of certain areas in the language related learning difficulties can be enumerated (Helpguide.Org, 2009; Segal, Cutter,

Are immunities of senior state officials applicable to jus cogens Essay

Are immunities of senior state officials applicable to jus cogens violations - Essay Example As such, the question whether acts of State officials are applicable to violations of jus cogens is necessary to be tackled in the light of several cases decided by the International Court of Justice (ICJ for brevity) and in recent times, by the International Criminal Court (ICC) under the Rome Statute. It is well to be emphasized at the outset that under the present generally accepted principles of international law, heads of states and senior state officials are not exempted from the responsibility in the international community for international crimes. 1 Any controversy that may emerge would fall under the jurisdictional question relating to the procedural aspect of the law. Hence, in this paper, several cases would be cited particularly those which sparked heated debates among scholars and imminent jurist in international law. At this juncture, it is worthy to mention the two principles of immunities under international law which are immunity ratione personae and ratione materiae. The former being attributed to the person and it follows him wherever he may be, and for his conduct which may be official or not. The latter on the other hand pertains to immunity which is necessarily included in the conduct of a head of state and senior state officials which relates to their offici al functions as representative of his or her State. It is then important to take a look at the history of state immunity and discern how it evolved over time. The Evolution of State Immunity Between the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, the doctrine of foreign state was regarded as absolute since foreign states were recognized as having the privilege of complete immunity from another forum's jurisdiction. By the early twentieth century, after World War I, Allied nations adopted a limited approach to immunity to address the complexity of the growing participation of states in global trade. Thus, the concept of acta jure imperii, wherein a state's conduct which are governmental in nature were acknowledged as having full immunity, and acta jure gestionis, wherein commercial or private acts of states that deals with trade are not endowed with immunity. 2 Thus, if the act falls under the category of acta jure imperii, full immunity is accorded to state officials. However, for those falling under commercial ventures or otherwise termed as acta jure gestionis, a state may be sued for breach of contract along with the concerned state official. On the other hand, as the world shrunk, so to speak, violations of fundamental human rights have been discovered and made public. These violations are apart from the ones which were the cause of wars between nations. Several jurists, commentators and heads of states argued that there should at least be an impartial tribunal which would render judgment upon persons accused of war and crimes against humanity. The concept of state immunity was thus regarded as applicable only to those acts of states which do not transgress norms which are regarded as necessary to attain order in the international community. Consequently, several statutes were enacted and tribunals were established precisely to address the growing concern of the states about serious violations of peremptory norms, from which violators would only invoke state immunity to avoid punishment. At present, State immunity is not regarded as an absolute state right under the international law. Instead, state immunity

Economies, Markets and Strategic Decisions Essay

Economies, Markets and Strategic Decisions - Essay Example It affects almost our entire lives, from the quality of our lives, our health and well-being; it determines not only our choice of transportation means but also our choice of work, and status2. Oil also affects our economic well-being, family structure, choice of friends and status in the society. It is with no wonder that, All things being equal an increase in the demand of a commodity will increase the price in the short run and supply in the long run. This is certainly true, for the short period in the case of an ordinary commodity. In the case of oil, the number is highly dependent on the availability of reserves. In the case of commodity, an increase in price would ensure an increase in supply which would serve to check the rise in price. Production on a larger scale leads to improved methods of production, and a fall in price below its original level. In the case of housing, no such reaction is possible3. There is nothing, to restrain the price (and the rent) of housing from rising indefinitely without limit, if the demand continue to increase. Conversely, if the demand for houses falls off, there is nothing to check the consequent fall in price and rent. In the case of ordinary commodities, supply would be diminished, because most things are either consumed4. 1.2 Demand and Supply Forces determining the price of Oil Over the last thirty years, OIL prices have risen in real terms by around 2 ' % a year and according to HM Treasury (2003) report this stands in contrast to other European countries such as Sweden, France, and Germany where real house prices have decline or remain relatively constant. In a study conducted by Guri (2003), it was postulated that low oil supply responsiveness must have contributed in greater trend increase in real oil prices in the world before the outbreak of the credit crunch that started at the end of the year 2007. According to Kuenny et al. (2007), paradoxically, while there is a problem associated with a shortage of hydrocarbons, there is also a problem associated with their superabundance which results in the release of carbon emissions into the atmosphere producing a dramatic impact on climate (Kuenny 2007). Kuenny (2007) stipulates that, the latter problem appears more important than the former, geopolitical crises, which may be generated by a shortage of hydrocarbons, appear to influence public opinion more than progressive climate change. Unless new energy fields can be Figure 1 and Two From Figure one above, an increase in the demand for oil from D1 to D2 has not been matched by a corresponding increase in the supply of oil. Oil are not like ordinary commodities. This has forced up price for oil from P1 to P2. This is because with the present state of the world economy, market, higher demand is translated into higher prices than supply. With the government weak oil supply in the previous years, and it inability to assume responsibility to increase the number of oil reserves, prices will continue to increase As supply becomes more elastic over time, assuming the conditions of demand remain unchanged, we expect to see downward pressure on prices and a further increase in the equilibrium quantity of oil bought and sold5.Because of the time lags and resources

Legalization of drugs Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Legalization of drugs - Essay Example A CNN poll showed that a vast majority of Americans favoured the legalization of marijuana for medicinal purposes. These are times where the issue needs careful deliberation because any decisions taken could have far reaching positive or negative effects. More importantly the consequences of any such decision could be irreversible. Before the article presents the case for legalization there is an honest admission of the terrifying adverse physical and psychological effects of drug use. The fact that drug laws do have an impact on the availability of drugs is acknowledged. It also admits that if drugs are accessible more people will experiment with them. The basis for the case promoted here rests on two arguments - one of principal and the other practical. The principle propagated is the right to individual freedom which was articulated by John Stuart Mill the British liberal philosopher. According to Mill the individual is sovereign over himself as long as no harm is done to others. Action on this count is supported by the argument that the principle has already been adopted by the government in the case of alcohol and of nicotine.The practical argument comes from the fact that drug bans encourage illegal trade, corrupt political institutions and criminal regimes. The poor are more affected by the laws and punishments. The lack of legislation prevents control of drug use and quality leading to use by minors, increased dangers to users because of poor quality and a premium on selling strength causing hard drugs to be preferred because of the difficulty in procurement. Lack of data because of the ban also prevents a better understandi ng of the physical effects of drug use. ... The poor are more affected by the laws and punishments. The lack of legislation prevents control of drug use and quality leading to use by minors, increased dangers to users because of poor quality and a premium on selling strength causing hard drugs to be preferred because of the difficulty in procurement. Lack of data because of the ban also prevents a better understanding of the physical effects of drug use. Distribution of drugs could be done using the models of caffeine, alcohol and prescribed drugs - depending on which is best suited. The article provides a good overview of the arguments that the pro-legalization lobby present to promote their case. For sources the author primarily uses known facts. Certain statements lack credible sources, although they may be true. The statement that nicotine's addictive power is greater than that of heroine needs a credible source that is missing. The statement about America's imprisonment rate for drug offences also requires credible sources to be confirmed. The second article that we review is entitled "Legalise Drugs Now!" by Meaghan Cussen published in the American Journal of Economics and society in July 2000. Once again this is a pro-legalization article which is extremely well researched and written. The article enumerates several arguments in favour of legalisation namely the protection of civil liberties thanks to the free choice of use and trade of drugs, reduction in crime thanks to the reduced role of the drug mafia, reversal of the Potency Effect - meaning the tendency to use more potent drugs because of scarcity, health benefits because of regulation of quality and cleaner

The Role Of The Born Global Firms In International Business Assignment

The Role Of The Born Global Firms In International Business - Assignment Example b) Globalization and born global businesses are highly related to each other. One is the cause of the emergence of the other. Both the emerging globalization and the born-global businesses share some common issues with each other. Here, the issues found in the article have been briefly discussed.ïÆ'Ëœ Trade barriers are totally removed from most of the European economies of western countries. There each of the companies from domestic to international all of them competes with each other according to their potentiality.ïÆ'Ëœ The emerging industrialization, as well as modernization, caused globalization in the eastern economies like India, China. This indirectly helps the born global firms of the European countries to get a global market for performing their business.ïÆ'Ëœ It has also been observed nowadays, that the regional integration like NAFTA and the European Union has massively increased, which made easy for a born global firm to expand its business internationally (Case 1).à ¯Æ'Ëœ The growing integration in the global financial market has made the born global businesses more effective in the emerging economies. When the European countries would suffer from the debt crisis, the born global firms of those countries were much concerned to expand their business initially in the developing economies so that they can give potential threat to their American rival in the global financial market.Q.2. The smuggling business is growing rapidly among the spiritual Syrian people

Legalization of drugs Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Legalization of drugs - Essay Example A CNN poll showed that a vast majority of Americans favoured the legalization of marijuana for medicinal purposes. These are times where the issue needs careful deliberation because any decisions taken could have far reaching positive or negative effects. More importantly the consequences of any such decision could be irreversible. Before the article presents the case for legalization there is an honest admission of the terrifying adverse physical and psychological effects of drug use. The fact that drug laws do have an impact on the availability of drugs is acknowledged. It also admits that if drugs are accessible more people will experiment with them. The basis for the case promoted here rests on two arguments - one of principal and the other practical. The principle propagated is the right to individual freedom which was articulated by John Stuart Mill the British liberal philosopher. According to Mill the individual is sovereign over himself as long as no harm is done to others. Action on this count is supported by the argument that the principle has already been adopted by the government in the case of alcohol and of nicotine.The practical argument comes from the fact that drug bans encourage illegal trade, corrupt political institutions and criminal regimes. The poor are more affected by the laws and punishments. The lack of legislation prevents control of drug use and quality leading to use by minors, increased dangers to users because of poor quality and a premium on selling strength causing hard drugs to be preferred because of the difficulty in procurement. Lack of data because of the ban also prevents a better understandi ng of the physical effects of drug use. ... The poor are more affected by the laws and punishments. The lack of legislation prevents control of drug use and quality leading to use by minors, increased dangers to users because of poor quality and a premium on selling strength causing hard drugs to be preferred because of the difficulty in procurement. Lack of data because of the ban also prevents a better understanding of the physical effects of drug use. Distribution of drugs could be done using the models of caffeine, alcohol and prescribed drugs - depending on which is best suited. The article provides a good overview of the arguments that the pro-legalization lobby present to promote their case. For sources the author primarily uses known facts. Certain statements lack credible sources, although they may be true. The statement that nicotine's addictive power is greater than that of heroine needs a credible source that is missing. The statement about America's imprisonment rate for drug offences also requires credible sources to be confirmed. The second article that we review is entitled "Legalise Drugs Now!" by Meaghan Cussen published in the American Journal of Economics and society in July 2000. Once again this is a pro-legalization article which is extremely well researched and written. The article enumerates several arguments in favour of legalisation namely the protection of civil liberties thanks to the free choice of use and trade of drugs, reduction in crime thanks to the reduced role of the drug mafia, reversal of the Potency Effect - meaning the tendency to use more potent drugs because of scarcity, health benefits because of regulation of quality and cleaner

Incentives and disincentives to invest in research and development Essay

Incentives and disincentives to invest in research and development - Essay Example A critical input for a firm’s success might be a derivative of its investments in R&D projects. For this reason, competition is one of the primary incentives that would influence a business to invest in R&D, which is also an essential element that can lead to the growth and profitability of a business (Atkinson & Ezell, 2014, p. 27). In this case, intellectual property rights accorded to innovative entrepreneurship provide an incentive to for the investment in innovative developments. These rights contribute to the protection of a firm’s intellectual assets, which enhances profitability and heightens the entity’s competitiveness. For instance, Gilead Sciences Inc., a pharmaceutical organisation in the United States, invested in an R&D project to develop Sovaldi (Sofosbuvir), a drug used in the treatment of Hepatitis C. This drug was introduced in the market in December 2013 (Palmer, 2015, np). The invention not only improved the profitability of the firm, but it also led to the sustainability of the firm’s competitiveness in the industry. There is a possibility of addressing market failures for R&D by influencing the incentives for a private firm. In this case, addressing issues of the appropriateness of an invention’s research results is possible by granting the inventor the monopoly over the intellectual property (Curci, 2010, p. 45). However, the disincentive of the appropriation relates to the risks and ambiguity of R&D investments. In this case, a firm can invest in an R&D project.

Defining Abnormality - Towards a definition Essay Example for Free

Defining Abnormality Towards a definition Essay The statistical approach is based on the idea that certain behaviours are statistically rare in the population. If you measure any type of human behaviour you should find that people with varying degrees of the behaviour are normally distributed around the mean. For example there are a lot of people who are of average height but few people who are very small. If we plot a graph of for example IQ scores, It is bell shaped. The majority of individuals are clustered around the mean (the curves highest point). The further you go away from the mean, the fewer people there are. Problems Desirability-some statistically infrequent behaviours, e.g. being a genius are desirable. Cut-off point-who decides at what point you are to be considered abnormal? Statistical Definitions-The Same standards or norms are not relevant to all social groups/ ages/cultures for example in terms of anxiety. Children have more irrational fears than adults. Deviation from social norms Social norms are behaviours that are desirable for both the individual and society as a whole. Deviance from social norms is both undesirable and abnormal. Most mentally Ill people do behave in a socially deviant way but this doesnt mean that you can base clinical abnormality on this theory alone. Moral standards-social norms change over time and basing mental illness on deviation from social norms is dangerous. Context-for example, wearing few items of clothing on the beach is acceptable, on the high street it is not. Sub Cultures-for example in the Mormon religion it is acceptable to have several wives. In England that is a crime called bigamy Good/Bad-in some certain circumstances being socially deviant is a good thing for example in Nazi Germany people who were opposed to Nazism were socially deviant. Collectivistic cultures-cultures which emphasise the greater good of the community rather than focusing on individual achievement would not find the first three characteristics relevant. Difficult-most people would have difficulty fitting all these criteria at most times in their lives. Cultural relativism A limitation to all ways of defining abnormality is that no definition is relevant to all cultures. Also cultures definitions change over time. For example Homosexuality was considered to be a mental disease till the 80s.

The History Of The Family Systems Theory Sociology Essay

The History Of The Family Systems Theory Sociology Essay The definition of Family has become increasingly controversial over the past few decades. Family in the twenty-first century is different to everyone; all families have different structures and functions, beliefs and parental attitudes. The term family refers to a unit consisting of people who are related to each other either biologically by notions of blood relations, or alternatively by legal means such as by marriage (Kirby, et al 2000, p45). The definition of a family has changed a lot over the years; there are several reasons for the definition to change. The view of the typical nuclear family is no longer the norm within society. Nowadays there are more families of divorce, stepfamilies, and extended families, rich and poor families. There is not a single definition for what a family is; people have their own view of what a family is. There are many factors that make families different, such as ethnicity, religion, and economics. Levine (N.D) suggests that families have three basic goals for the children; survival, economic self-sufficiency and self-actualization (Enrique, et al, 2007) Family structure and family functioning can affect a childs development in many ways. Family structure is the way in which a family is set up, for example, single parent families, extended families and nuclear families. Family functioning refers to how family members are emotionally attached, how well they communicate emotions and information and respond to problems (Freistadt and Stohschein. 2012). Everyone has a different view of what family is and how families should be structured. Some make the assumption that children can only be brought up successfully in a two-parent family structure involving a heterosexual relationship. Others take the perspective that children can function well in any family structure, provided certain basic conditions are met (Wise, 2003). According to Schaffer family structure plays less importance part in a childs development than family functioning. The family is a social system endorsed by law and custom to take care of its members needs (Kepner, 1983). The emotional bondings and relationships between the members of the family, and their responsibility to the family unit hold them together through the changes of transitions and the complicated connections. Family Systems Theory Murray Bowen developed the family systems theory, he recognised that the family was an emotional unit and any changes to the family functioning would influence all members of the family. The family systems theory emerged from the general systems theory by scholars who found that it had a lot of relevance to families and other social systems. http://web.pdx.edu/~cbcm/CFS410U/FamilySystemsTheory.pdf The family systems theory refers to a family as a system in which each member can never be considered in isolation without reference to the roles, responsibilities and behaviours of other members of the family. The family is seen a dynamic unit according to the family systems theory. Changes are constantly occurring and each member of the family takes on new roles and responsibilities, and internal patterns are adopted. The relationships between the individuals in the family unit are mutual and constantly changing. The family is an example of an ongoing, self-regulating, social system that has certain features such as its unique structuring of gender and generation set it apart from other social systems. Each family system has their own structure, the psychobiological characteristics of its individual members, and its sociocultural and historic position in its larger environment (Broderick, 1993, p37). The family as a system links all individuals together and understands that things going on in the environment can influence all individuals even if not all of them are actively engaged, for example parents workplace. The family system theory recognises that small things can impact the family system, for example, the loss of a parent can affect the relationship the child has with the other parent and/or siblings. http://www.edpsycinteractive.org/papers/family.pdf According to Bowen each member of the family system has a roles and boundaries. Individuals in the system are expected to engage with each other in a certain ways according to their role and their relationship with other members. There are four main principles of the family systems theory; wholeness, integrity of subsystems, circularity of influence and stability and change. Wholeness refers the family as one unit however each member of the family have certain attributes of their own. Integrity of subsystems means that each relationship is a subsystem, for example; mother and father relationship or mother and child relationship or vice versa. Relationships between relationships are also subsystems. Circularity of influences means that the subsystems and relationships depend on each other and if there is a change in one subsystem it has an impact on other systems. Stability and change refers to external influences that can affect the individual or subsystems, for example parents workplace. The wellbeing of the child, therefore, can be conceived of as dependent upon the functioning of elements of the entire family system (McKeown and Sweeny 2001: 6) Family systems are different in all families. Parental attitudes are important in setting up an environment in which their child can flourish. Campion (1985) says that if a child grows up in a stable and loving environment, the child will usually develop a sense of self-respect and self-discipline. The child understands what is expected of him and However it can be argued that a child who has been brought up in a family system where the parents attitudes lack maturity, the child is more likely not to flourish in the environment and not understand what is expected of them, therefore cannot develop a sense of their own competence. Campion (1985) suggests that children take on the roles, which have a function in their family system. It is believed that if children see themselves as the disobedient one in the family setting, they may carry out their difficult behaviours in school. Likewise a child who is obedient may also carry out this behavior at school. The ecological systems theory Bronfenbrenners ecological systems theory states that the environment is reflected in an individuals development. Bronfenbrenners ecological approach refers to layers of environmental influences that impact an individuals development. The interactions with people and the environment are key to development. This theory can apply to individuals at any stage of development. The theory identifies five environmental systems in which the individual interacts with; microsystem, meosystem, exosystem, macrosystem and chronosystem. The microsystem refers to each setting, which the individual is an active participant, such as; family, school, community, friends. This layer has the most immediate and earliest influences on the child. The relationships in the microsystem can be bi-directional; this means that the childs behaviours can be influenced by the family and vice versa. The meosystem refers to the relationships between the settings in the microsystem and the individual; an example of this would be the relationship between home and school. The exosystem refers to a setting or setting where an event happens, which affects or is affected by what happens in the setting that the developing person is in. The child is not an active participant in this system. The structures in the exosystem can affect a childs development by interacting with the structures in the microsystem, for example; mothers work place can affect the amount of time the mother spends with the child. Although the child is not directly involved with the structures in the exosystem, they do feel the positive and negative impacts that are involved with the interaction between the systems. The Macrosystem refers to the wider social systems, for example; government legislations and economic factors. These things affect the child indirectly however it has an impact on the developing childs life. An example of this could be that the childs family is living in poverty therefore this can cause social exclusion and the child might not have access to school trips or community play areas. The chronosystem refers to how things change over time as it relates to the childs environment. There are various elements within this system that can be internal or external. An internal influence could be the physiological changes that occur while the child gets older. An external influence could the timing of their parents getting a divorce. The older the individual gets might impact how they react to environmental changes and may be able unders tand how the change will influence them. External influences

Final essay :: essays research papers

1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Clinton-Lewinsky affair is a very good example of the concentric circle model. Thinking of it in the way explained in the book, â€Å"as a pebble being dropped in still water.† That is exactly what happened in this story. The ripples were the different people that were actually involved in and knew of the story in the first place, before it got out to the public. The media’s knowledge of the story started when Michael Isikoff tracked down Linda Tripp, because of tips he received from other people. It is funny to me how the story for the media began which was because there had been rumors that Clinton had asked Monica Lewinsky to perjure, which would have been illegal. What is so funny to me about that is, when the news actually hit the public, the story seemed to change to the fact that Clinton had an affair. Which is exactly what the Newsweek and other news outlets were not interested in reporting. 2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Internet has evolved over the last ten years. It has continually expanded and become every more a part of the media’s conglomeration. And the future of the internet is looking very good. Because technology has always surpassed itself, coming out with new and better products on an continual basis. Today the internet is accessible in most schools and children are becoming more computer literate. I believe that one day the internet will surpass all other forms of media. As more people start to become computer literate they will use the internet more. Business’s make billions of dollars a year from the internet. Allowing people to shop in the convenience of their own home has been a huge plus for these business’s. This is a very profitable venue for a business because they don’t have all the expenses of an actual store, such as employees and the physical store. 3.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The White House Press Secretary has a very unique relationship with the media. The person who has this job more than likely has an abundant amount of information the media would like to know. This goes along very well with what libertarians believe. Which is â€Å"that people are involved in a life-long quest for knowledge, truth and wisdom.† They â€Å"imagined a word of many diverse publications that there would be room for every outlook.† That, â€Å"truth-seeking individuals exchange ideas in an unstructured, free-wheeling marketplace.† And finally that â€Å"all citizens engaging in great dialogues through the media seemed naà ¯ve to some people.

Sexism in Film Essay example -- Film

In society, women are often perceived as the weaker sex, both physically and mentally. In modern times women have leveled the playing field between men and women, and feminism is a highly discussed topic, but for years, women faced discrimination and prejudice both in life and in the workplace, due to their sex. This way of thinking flooded into the world of film. In their works, the authors of each of the various sources address the limitations and liberations of women both on and off the screen in nineteenth century Film and Cinema. Not every source is completely filled with information related to the research topic, but they do cover and analyze many of the same points from different perspectives. Prominent points addressed in each source include the domination of the male voice in cinema, the presentation of women on screen, and society’s influence on the status of women roles in film. A common concept in a lot of the sources is that men dominate the film industry both onscreen and off. According to the article, Why There are no Women in the Movies, â€Å"men make the movies and the relationships and roles are molded according to the male viewpoint† (Yates 226). This, in relation to the other sources, is a very valid fact. Coinciding with his point, Hollywood Film Critic, Richard Corliss states in his TIME Magazine article, Calling Their Own Shots: Women Directors Make it in Hollywood, that â€Å"the guys ran things—as producers, directors, bosses†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Men were behind the scenes, they decided what scripts got chosen to be made into films. They were the heads of production companies and producers of the films. Whatever they said†¦went. Men were not only in charge of what was going on onscreen, but they monopolized off-screen positions as we... ...e. â€Å"The Allure of the Predatory Woman in Fatal Attraction and Other Current American Movies.† Journal of Popular Culture 26.3 (Winter 1992): 47-57. Academic Search Complete. Web. 13 March 2015. Mahar, Karen Ward. Women Filmmakers in Early Hollywood. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins UP, 2006. Print Pomerance, Murray, ed. Ladies and Gentlemen, Boys and Girls: Gender in Film at the End of the Twentieth Century. Albany: State University of New York Press, 2001. Print. Quart, Barbara Koenig. Women Directors: The Emergence of a New Cinema. New York: Praeger, 1988. Print.. Segar, Linda. When Women Call The Shots: The Developing Power and Influence of Women in Television and Film. New York: Henry Holt and Company, 1996. Print. Yates, John. â€Å"Why There are no Women in the Movies.† Journal of Popular Film 4.3 (1975): 223-234. America: History & Life. Web. 13 March 2015.

The Help (Kathryn Stockett) Important Character

The Help written by Kathryn Stockett is a beautiful but shocking look into the racism towards coloured maids in Jackson Mississippi during the 1960's. An important character who helped to develop much of the plot-line is Hilly Hilbrook. Hilly becomes an important character through her talent for nasty gossip, her power over people and the insecurities she has about herself . She somehow manages to still seem cute and innocent and is described as, † One a those grown lady's that still dress like a little girl with big bows and matching hats and such. She ain't my favourite. † The main reason Hilly becomes such an unforgettable villain is because of her talent for gossip. Part of Hilly's personality is her ability to make people listen and once that happens, (even if its only whispered ), it spreads through the town like wildfire. â€Å"She give one a her little ‘a-hems'; she got this way a clearing her throat real delicate-like that get everybodies attention without them even knowin she made em do it†. I think this is also something that people can easily relate to, especially at High School where instances like this happen every day, with a horrible after affect. There is one character in particular who gets the sting in tail of Hilly's gossip and that character is Minny Jackson, known as ‘the best cook in Mississippi. † The only reason she isn't the most popular choice for someone looking to hire a maid is because of Hilly spreading vicious rumours. Hilly wanted Minny to work for her, so she falsely spread it round town that Minny stole from Hilly's mother who was Minny's old employer, causing everyone to turn their noses up when Minny applied for a job, therefore forcing her back to Hilly. Hilly makes all the rules. If she has something, then everyone else wants that something too – † Hilly was the first of the girls to have a baby, and it must have come out of her like the forth commandent, because once Hilly had one, all them other girls had to have one too. † She started the â€Å"Home help Sanitation Initiative' that required white houses to have a separate bathroom for the black help, ‘as a disease-preventative measure. ‘ One of her closest followers knew she couldn't afford it, but in order not to issappoint Hilly, pulled money out of her daughter's college fund in order to pay for the new bathroom. Hilly is terrified of losing her status and her title as top dog – ‘Chairman of the Jackson Junior League' . Her fear rules her life so in turn rules everybody elses. The hero of the story wants to be a writer, so she writes a book about their town from the maids point of view. In the book some awful things are written abou t Hilly that are for the first half of the book simply referred to as â€Å"the terrible alful' committed by Minny who was seeking revenge once she knew Hilly had beaten her. Hilly knows that this would completely destroy her reputation if anyone ever figured out it was about her. This causes her to use all her power to try and convince everybody that â€Å"the book is not about Jackson! † The Character of Hilly is made memorable through Kathryn Stockett unique style of writing. She allows the reader to visualise the town of Jackson with all it's colourful characters, of which Hilly was one of the most vivid.

Frankenstein by Mary Shelly Essay

   The setting in both books is mainly in the 18th century where there wasn’t anything too modern which helped add the theme of gothic horror to the reading audience as in those times it was a lot darker and more horrifying. In an Interview with a vampire the story is set over 200 years. Showing as the theme of gothic horror in the book decreases, as the book becomes more modern. This is shown when Lestat is scared of the modern world and the artificial lights as he thinks they are sunlight scaring him into hiding. There are various themes in both books for example they have written one of the characters acting like God, Lestat in Interview with a vampire and Victor in Frankenstein. This was especially scary in Frankenstein 1816 as the people took religion very seriously and to talk about gods in this way was known as evil, which scared the people who read the book Which would inspire terror into the people who read it. When in Frankenstein the creature says † I am thy creature, I ought to be thy Adam† And in Interview in the vampire when Lestat acts as god by creating Louie and also when Lestat says they are the same as God when he says † Gods kill, and so shall we† This shows the God theme as Lestat connects being a vampire to being Gods which is shown in the quote. Another thing in both books they deal with the themes of outsiders. In Frankenstein when the creature is looking in â€Å"On examining the dwelling, I found that one of the windows of the cottage had formally occupied part of it but the panes had been boarded up with wood. In one of these was a small and almost imperceptible chick, through which the eye could just penetrate. Through this crevice a small room was visible. † Also in Interview with a vampire Louie became an outsider when he became a vampire. † I said goodbye to the sunrise and went out to become a vampire† The two texts are very similar though in many ways. First of all in both texts the main character is an outsider, Louie as a Vampire as he is different from everyone else as he is a vampire and Victor as an outcast to everyone else as he created this monster and is a criminal for doing so making him an outsider and different to other people. Also both authors have lost a child which may have helped write the book using their life experiences to help them writing the book. Both books have roughly the same plot when Louie or the creature both have a natural birth and find it hard to survive. Also in both books they murder when the creature kills people or Louie kills people for blood. As when Louie said, † Now I am guilty of murder. † I think the authors of these two texts have don’t an excellent job in dealing with the theme of outsiders in the text as the setting, the characters and what’s happening around them all make them outsiders. Also what the characters are and how they act and what they do which inspires terror or horror into the reader create the genre of Gothic horror and make it stand out. But what most of all stuck into my mind were the words from Louie, which really made me think Gothic horror and outsiders, was â€Å"I wanted love and goodness in this which is living death’ I said ‘ It was impossible from the beginning, because you cannot have love and goodness when you do what you know to be evil, what you know to be wrong† and also in Frankenstein when Victor said † It was necessary that I should return without delay to Geneva, there to watch over the lives of those I do fondly loved; and to lie in wait for the murderer, that if any chance led me to the place of his concealment, or if he dared† Both showing the Gothic horror in their words like when they say â€Å"murderer† and â€Å"evil† creating the gothic horror feeling. Show preview only The above preview is unformatted text This student written piece of work is one of many that can be found in our GCSE Mary Shelley section.

Honor Diaries Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Honor Diaries - Essay Example The documentary Honor Diaries examines female genital mutilation in the perspective of honor violence aimed at women. In the context of violence, viewers can learn about the mistreatment and violence that is experienced by women. For instance, Viewers can learn about Fahina Hashim from Sudan as she tries to protect the potential of Female Genital Mutilation through her work of advocacy. She is seen negotiating with her parents who could have demanded mutilation in the order in order to have some familiar honors preserved as well as the preservation of purity values. One of the greatest strength of the films is the ability to avoid racial discrimination. The film has effectively been able to represent almost every culture in the world. For instance, there is a representative for the South Asian Community, Sudan, and Iran among others. In addition, the film has also tried to balance religion by including both the Islamic religion and Christian religion through Juliana Tamoozary. Nevertheless, the movie managed to touch a nerve in Muslim cultures that are abusive to women. For instance, the film triggered hypocritical claims of Islamophobia. Islamophobia is an unwarranted fear of Islam religion. In US, there are three Universities that have optimized censorship of screenings. In most cases, such actions are usually political as the practice is shameful regardless of culture (The Clarion Project). The film is used to show viewers the various struggles and challenges that are experienced by women around the planet in the name of culture. The film acts as an inspiration to the viewers especially individuals who are tied up by cultural restrictions. The movie inspires women to break down the hindrance of political exactness and speak the truth that culture should not be used to abuse women (The Clarion

3 Businesses in UAE Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

3 Businesses in UAE - Essay Example Food products and personal effects were well stocked and in addition to this, the hypermarket specialized in clothing more specifically footwear. The hypermarket had good hypermarket attendants who would help the customers in finding products they were looking for within this huge retail store. The attendants were uniformly dressed so that one would identify and distinguish an employee and a fellow customer in the hypermarket.However, there was a problem in communication as some attendants at the retail store could only speak their indigenous language of Arabic and thus it became a little difficult in conveying messages. It sought the intervention of attendants conversant with English to communicate what I needed. Nevertheless, the cashiers were fast as they worked on their clients quickly by calculating and handing back change to the customers so that there would be no occasions of long cues at the counter. The hypermarket, Pic N save seemed to have a competitive edge in their busin ess practice. The hypermarket was involved in a reward scheme where customers who bought products worth a certain limit of money, they would win some specific points that after accumulation would make the customers redeem them for gift products that were on offer. This seemed as an innovative way of pulling customers to this retail store. Therefore, the future of this company seems to be bright as the company focuses on attracting its clients who are the customers to its retail store. The disadvantage that would be a hindrance to the effectiveness of the company as mentioned earlier is the communication barrier in some of the employees that are working in the hypermarket. Additional, the easy of doing international business with the market is hampered as it only has physical and mailing contacts which become time consuming when business deals of timely nature are concerned. The second business that was investigated was a rather big one, the Emirates airlines. The Emirates is one of the major airlines the United Arab Emirates. In investigating the business, I had to book a flight and get a feel of the transportation comfort and efficiency. To begin with, the booking process was fairly easy as I could make my booking through their website which is http://www.emirates.com. In the website were a variety of services among booking that made the problem of moving up to their permanent offices being unnecessary. Thus their services appeared well put and convenient for many people who would have difficulty in moving to their offices to make inquires and or bookings. Furthermore, their services were in internationally recognized language of English despite the fact that the company is of Arabic origin where the language and writing is Arabic. This was convenient for international customers who wanted to seek it services as English is an internationally recognized form of communication in speech and writing. The company has a high competitive advantage over all the other airlines in the UAE. The reason for this is that it has a wide spread coverage of its services within and outside the boundaries of the UAE as its planes fly into over 60 countries across the six continents of the world. In addition to this, the company uses the Boeing 777-200LR as its model for its fleet of planes. This model of the Boeing plane is considered to be fuel efficient considering the high costs of fuel that we are witnessing in this current time. The plane holds the record for its ability to make

Comparison between a Balance Sheet and an Income Statement Essay

Comparison between a Balance Sheet and an Income Statement - Essay Example A balance sheet follows the general structure of Assets = Liabilities + Owners’ Equity, which means that the summation of all assets must equal the liabilities and shareholders’ equity. Investors and company management need this information to determine the current value of a company. An income statement, like the balance sheet, shows the value of the company because it shows whether the company is operating at a loss or at a profit. An income statement portrays a company revenues vis a vis the expenses, gains, and losses after taxation for a specific period of time, be it annually, monthly, quarterly, or semiannually. Although the two financial statements are two different statements, they are closely related in that, a company’s profit and loss statement directly affect the shareholders’ equity. In the event that a company posted $30,000 increase owner’s equity compared to the previous year and the owner did not invest or withdraw assets from the business, then the increase represents the net income for the year. If the owner had withdrawn $15,000 in assets for personal use, then the net income must have been $45,000 to produce the $30,000 increase in shareholders’ equity. A balance sheet is more useful in determining the sustainability of a company as it outlines a company’s assets in comparison to the liabilities. The relationship between a balance sheet and an income statement is a result of the double entry system that prescribes Assets = Liabilities + Owner’s Equity.

Electroanalytical Technique (Voltammetric techniques) critical review Literature

Electroanalytical Technique (Voltammetric techniques) critical - Literature review Example When compared to methods such as chromatography which uses relatively large amounts of sample with low sensitivity, voltammetry techniques will require few amounts of sample while affording high sensitivity. In addition, wide range of concentration can be used in voltammetry. Voltammetric techniques reduces ions at the electrodes which are usually three the working electrode, auxiliary electrode and reference electrode. Given such wide capabilities, voltametric techniques have been amenable to use in biochemical analyses, environmental studies, plating analysis, pharmaceuticals as well as waste water analyses among other useful applications. Instrumentation In voltammetry basic instruments include the electrochemical cell composed of a three electrodes configuration; a voltamperomeric analyser formed by the potentiostat coupled to a computer system. Working electrode provides the response of the analyte response due to the applied potential. Examples of electrode include mercury electrodes such as Hanging drop mercury electrode (HDME), static drop mercury electrode (DME) and rotating disk electrodes (RDE).Auxiliary electrode is tasked with completing the circuit between the potentiostat and working electrode and examples include platinum and glassy carbon electrodes. Reference potential to the auxiliary and working electrodes is provided by the reference electrodes e.g. Ag/AgCl in KCl and Hg/HgCl in KCl(l). Drugs analysis applies various separation-based techniques such as chromatography and electrophoresis. These techniques are important when following-up metabolism of the drug in complex samples such as urine. However, electroanalytical methods such as voltammetry become vital when samples being analysed contain a single physiologically active component such as the active ingredient in a particular drug. Electroanalytical methods offer advantages such as simple handling of the procedures, high sensitivity, better accuracy and faster speed relative to separation techniques – chromatography and electrophoresis. They also utilise cheaper instrumentation and low cost chemicals. Two electroanalytical techniques exist with the first one being where the surfaces of electrodes are continuously renewed for instance in the dropping mercury electrode. Techniques employing this type of electrode are called polarography and they mainly differ in the approach of application of voltage to the dropping mercury electrode (DME). The second class of techniques belong to techniques which use electrodes whose surfaces are not renewed. Common electrodes in this group include the hanging mercury drop electrode (HMDE). Techniques that record current-voltage curves with these electrodes are referred to voltammetry. Voltammetric Techniques Voltammetric methods have been used in the determination of trace levels of platinum group metals which have traditional employed spectroscopic methods in their determination (Locateli, 2007). Such metals include Osmium, Ruthenium and Iridium. One of the approaches used in determination of these metals is the differential pulse voltammetry (DPV). The electrodic processes associated with platinum group metals (PGMs); however, present challenges such as the low reversibility degree thereby limiting detection of these trace metals (Kritsotakis et al., 1985). Presented with such challenge of detection limits, some methods have been worked out to con centrate these trace metals onto the working electrode. One technique which has been developed is the adsorptive

Crime Control (SC3031C) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 1

Crime Control (SC3031C) - Essay Example e by the state through the criminal justice system† (Davies, Croall and Tyrer, 2005) Legal systems in the civilized world – whether in civil or common law jurisdictions -- have, at least in theory, given primacy to the rights of the accused, understanding that ambiguity should be resolved in his or her favor. In practice however, we see how police officers routinely violate the human rights of those they apprehend. The implicit message is that these are criminals anyway – thugs, petty thieves, gangsters, punks, drug addicts, alcoholics – and they are doing society a favor by treating them brusquely. Indeed if there is one thing that distinguishes (or should distinguish) crime control strategies in contemporary times from medieval times or less-than-modern societies, it is the regard for due process and the rights of the accused. Furthermore, crime control is attended by rehabilitation for the offender and helping him take steps towards reintegration. In contemporary times, we see a departure, albeit gradual, from strong-arm tactics. It has, after all, been proven that there is a higher incidence of crime in states where the police force is known for their brutality. For example, in states like New York and Los Angeles where there is a relatively great number of cases filed against members of the police force for misconduct, the crime rate is astronomical. The strong-arm tactics of law enforcement officers have done little to quell the rising tide of crime and have in fact exacerbated it. On the other hand, the desire to preserve society and prevent crime is equally valid. It would seem that society has been ill-equipped to come up with answers and solutions to address it definitively (Norrie, 1996). It is imperative however to disabuse oneself of the simplistic approach that is often used when analyzing crime rates. Many are wont to believe that a rise in crime rates signifies a social problem, and a decrease is something to be lauded. In fact, a rise in

Germany’s Violations of the Versailles Treaty Essay Example for Free

Germany’s Violations of the Versailles Treaty Essay Adolf Hitler rose to power after Germany was defeated in the First World War. There are a number of things that led Germany to be defeated in the war. For example, the British and French armies kept on advancing against Germany, the joining of the United States in the war which affected Germany greatly, the economy of Germany had already collapsed and people were starving and finally there were a lot of divisions in the army which rendered the army dis-united. After Germany was defeated in the First World War the victorious nations met in Paris where they agreed on various things and how they would deal with Germany. Under this treaty, Germany was given some conditions which it was expected to comply. For example, its army size was to be reduced to 100000 men, to accept to be responsible for the war outbreak and therefore to pay for damages that were caused by the war. These were called reparations and were to be divided amongst the victorious nations which included: Britain, French, Belgium and Italy. Hitler believed that if his army was not divided then, he could not have been defeated. He thought Germany was defeated because it was betrayed by the army but not because it was defeated by the Allies. Because of these reasons he violated the Versailles treaty by re arming. In this essay, I am going to discuss on the relationship between Germany’s aggression and her weapons or how arming his army led to the Second World War. Hitler was the leader of the Nazi party. He became a chancellor of Germany in 1933 and in 1934 he became its leader. He remained in power from that time until he committed suicide in 1945. Hitler used his oratorical skills, charisma and propagandas in putting hope to the population of Germany that had been traumatized by the war. Hitler started building up his army again increasing its size more than it was agreed. He revived the economy and also refused to accept that he was solely responsible for the First World War. He accepted only when he was promised another war by British and France. Those nations thought that by Germany paying the reparations, they could reverse their economic statuses which had been destroyed by the war but Germany refused to pay. The treaty of Versailles was signed on 28th June 1919 in the palace of Versailles near Paris. The victorious or the allied powers forced two Germans to accept the terms on behalf of the Germany. This treaty refused Germany to join the League of Nations. The territories it had conquered were taken by the allies and then shared amongst them. Germany was not allowed to have submarine and air force. The navy was to have only six war ships. Its army was limited to only 100000 men. Also Rhineland –an area of 50 miles wide was declared no man’s land or a buffer zone and Germany was not allowed to place its army there (Hoover A. J. ,1994) This treaty backfired because instead of making the world a better and safer place, it caused more problems and helped Hitler to ascend to power. Germany was not happy with those terms. They complained against its army size that it was vulnerable to attacks. It refused to pay the reparations giving the reason that its economy had been destroyed by the war, it was also bitter because it lost a tenth of its land to the victorious nations. Other nations even smaller than Germany were given free determination as opposed to Germany. The German in other states were not allowed to unite for example, the Australian Germans. They felt they were not to be blamed for the Russia was responsible. They also hated it because they were not allowed to be in the conference. This treaty created a political atmosphere for they blamed everything that went sour to the treaty and the lost war. Also whenever Hitler violated the Versailles treaty he shouted that ‘Germans have refused or want no more. He stated to them openly that he would do away with the oppressive treaty of Versailles. He promised to rearm and unite all Germans who were in other smaller nations. Germany was technical keeping to the terms but in real sense he was not. Hitler violated this treaty in many ways. For example in 1925 under the Locarno treaty he agreed that he would not cross the area bordering France, Belgium and the demilitarized Rhine land but on 7th March1936, Hitler violated this treaty by marching on to Rhineland. Britain and France complained but neither of them took action. In 1932 at a conference at Lausanne, Germany France and Britain signed a treaty to cancel the reparations that Germany was supposed to pay the allied powers. In 1935 Hitler introduced a compulsory military conscription thus mobilizing his army. These included the new navy and air force. Also in 1935 in appeasing Germany who had already started rearming himself, the treaty was violated again by allowing Germany to have submarines. This happened when Germany and Britain signed Anglo Germany Naval Agreement. In 1936, Hitler took the demilitarized territories especially in the Rhineland. In 1938, 12th March Germany entered Austria after gaining a lot mass support. On the following day, he conquered Austria and it became part of Germany. In 1938 Hitler wanted to break war unless he was allowed to take Sudetenland which was on its border. Also in the same year on September 29 the allied powers allowed Germany to take The Sedeten land and on 29th September 1938 they allowed Germany to move ahead but on condition that he would maintain world peace. At first Czechoslovakia refused but it was pressurized to accept that. In 1939 Hitler violated this treaty and occupied Czech province and Slovakia became independent. Later Hungary invaded and Czechoslovakia ceased to exist. In 1939 Hitler made demands on Poland because he wanted the Danzig province and be given a route for accessing it through the Polish Corridor. Since the time Hitler started to violate the treaty, the allies were trying to appease Germany but it proved that Germany’s desires were insatiable. Whenever he was allowed to take a section of its former colonies it insisted on all of it. When it gave an ultimatum to attack Poland, another war was promised by the allies to Germany and when he refused to bow down, he was attacked and the second war broke out in September 1939. There was a relationship between the way Hitler armed himself and the way he resulted to be aggressive. The more he equipped his army the more he became aggressive because he thought he would attack and defeat other nations. In his 2001 book Breuer says that Hitler armed himself more than before in terms of research and development. He even trained new crew members in the U-boat business. Something that was contrary to the treaty. The Germany’s military which had so many limitations after the First World War started developing new and most efficient tactics. They started using tanks and aircraft for the ground warfare. Germany also learned about more advanced ideas from British military scholars. In 1929 a German infantry officer was given the task of administering the German-Russian school which was located in Kazan. Its goal was to train Germans on how to operate tanks in Russia. Hitler was militarily creative and wanted the future war to be a totally different from the First World War (Breuer W. B. , 2001) It can be said that Hitler was sorely responsible for starting the war of 1939 because immediately he became the Chancellor of Germany in 1933 he began building up his army secretly. He also started compulsory army conscription. All these moves were against the Versailles treaty and although the allies were aware of this, they tried to appease Hitler so that he could help them fight against the spread of communism which had proved to be a big threat to them. They thought that by making Germany stronger, it would check the spread of communism. This policy of appeasement continued until Germany went as too far as to attack Poland (Weinberg G. , 1994) Hitler felt that he was fully prepared for the war because of the loyalty he received from his people plus the outstanding army he had built. He had a very potent army and his air force had become second to none in the whole world. He prepared his army with the new war strategy called blitzkrieg (lightning war) where by heavy ground armies were established and many war aircrafts accompanied these men who were highly mobile. This was a new strategy which had never been seen before. He believed that he was a great power in Europe and thus there was a need to strengthen his army. That is why in 1933 he ordered war planes to be increased to one thousand and army barracks were built. He even quit the Geneva conference after his plan of having his army to re-arm to the level of French or French to his level was refused. For the next two years his military might expand in secret and by 1935 march, he felt that he was prepared enough to arm his Nazi army publicly thus violating the Versailles treaty. As time went by, Germany had 300,000 army men and 2,500 war planes in Luftwaffe and Wehrmacht respectively. He ordered the army to be comprised of 550,000 men. In 1936, he repossessed the Rhineland, in 1938 he annexed Austria and in 1938 he demanded to be allowed to occupy Sudeten land at Munich. In 1939 he took over Bohemia and Monrovia and then made strident move to acquire back his territory –Danzig at the Polish Corridor. The attack he made on Poland is what led to the Second World War outbreak. To conclude this essay, we can say that Hitler idea of building up his army made him to feel that he was ready to face any other nation that appeared to be a threat to him. He assumed that no other nation especially the allied powers would dare attack him and that is why he went ahead to reclaim all the territories that had been taken from him and were now being administered by the victorious powers like France and Britain. If the Versailles treaty was not violated, perhaps then there could not have been a second world war. Reference: 1) Breurer W. B. ,( 2001) Deception of World War II, New York: John Wiley and Sons Inc 2) Hoover A. J. , God (1999) Britain and Hitler in World War II: the view of the British clergy, 1939-1945. Praeger publishers. 3) Weinberg G. L, (1994) A World at Arms: A global history of World War II, Cabridge, Cabridge University Press.